GRF · 灾害与危机治理
预警治理
An 早期预警 works only if a forecast becomes an authoritative warning, the warning reaches people in a form they understand, and people and institutions know what to do. Each step has an owner: meteorological and hydrological services, disaster authorities, telecom operators, broadcasters and local leaders. This page sets out how early warning governance holds or breaks, the records that show it, and who decides.
工作如何开展。
多机构协调看板
Early warning governance · National crisis centre · Exercise EX-95
谁牵头什么
| 警告 | 气象部门 | 民防 | 清除 | 活跃 |
| 疏散 | 市政当局 | 警察 | 重叠 | 已分派 |
| 避难所 | 社会服务 | 志愿者协会 | 清除 | 活跃 |
| 公共信息 | 危机协调员 | 全部 | 差距 | 未分派 |
演练日志
- 09:00STA演练开始
- 09:38WRN已发布红色预警
- 10:23GAP两个机构发布相互矛盾的建议
- 11:00FIX已指定唯一发言人
事后复盘事项
- AA-1在法律中指定公共信息负责机构政策负责人71 d
- AA-2机构间共享的态势图危机中心34 d
图多机构协调面板:示例名称与示意数值,不是记录,也不是实时系统。
Early warning governance: how the risk develops.
Responsibility for decisions and warnings. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Forecast and warning authority split
Technical agencies forecast; disaster authorities warn and order action. Unclear mandates produce conflicting messages or delays while agencies decide who should speak.
Last-mile delivery fails
Warnings that rely on one channel miss people without phones, power or the language used. Cell broadcast, radio, sirens and community networks each reach different groups.
Thresholds drive action
Warning levels must be tied to pre-agreed actions. If thresholds are too low, false alarms erode trust; too high, warnings come late.
Learning from misses
Every warned and unwarned event is evidence. Without verification of warnings against impacts, 系统 cannot calibrate thresholds or fix the steps that failed.
加勒比地区当前的危害。
来自 NASA GIBS 的加勒比洪水水体、人口密度和活跃火点。每个图层都带有自己的日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页面的当前危害
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 分辨率
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;这些数值是指标,不是某一地点的测量值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 分辨率
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 分辨率
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;不是已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
- 提供方
- NASA GES DISC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;近实时卫星估算
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 分辨率
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 分辨率
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 分辨率
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
当前危害,以加勒比地区为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA GPM IMERG Early来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Live: NASA GPM IMERG Early. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 20 个数据源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在开启时,会在地图上和此处注明其提供方;预报为模型输出,衍生指数为估算值。
图层与日期
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
- 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries with multi-hazard 早期预警 系统 | reported yes or no and score | 年度 | 仙台框架 Monitor, target G | 已声明 |
| Population covered by mobile warning channels | share of population | 年度 | Telecom regulator and operator records | 已报告 |
| CAP-compliant warning feeds published | yes or no, by authority | 变更时 | WMO alert hub registers | 已发布统计 |
| 警告 lead time | hours before impact | 每个事件 | Warning logs against event records | 观测 |
| False alarm ratio | share of warnings without matching impact | 年度 | Warning verification | 估算 |
| Warning-to-action protocols agreed | count of hazards with protocols | 审查时 | National and local plans | 已声明 |
比较文书:规则、激励和信息。
三类文书与基线并列比较,各有其滞后和采纳速度,在你设定的覆盖率和遵守率下运行;效应量是教学数值,应以证据替换。情景:关于未来的明示假设,不是预测。本页地图显示的是加勒比;模型本身不限于某一地点。
控制措施
- 结果的基线趋势
- 每年 2.0%
- 该工具的覆盖范围
- 70%
- 合规
- 75%
- 效应量,相对于教学取值
- 100%
- 未来年数
- 20 年
读数
- 期末时点降幅最大
- Pre-arranged finance and triggers
- 相对基线的降幅
- 21%
数字、方法与来源
| 年份 | 基线 | Pre-arranged finance and triggers | Early warning coverage | 社区备灾 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 100.0 | 98.9 | 99.4 | 98.7 |
| 1 | 102.0 | 99.4 | 100.9 | 99.5 |
| 2 | 104.0 | 98.6 | 102.1 | 99.7 |
| 3 | 106.1 | 96.1 | 102.8 | 99.4 |
| 4 | 108.2 | 93.1 | 103.0 | 99.5 |
| 5 | 110.4 | 91.1 | 102.6 | 100.2 |
| 6 | 112.6 | 90.8 | 102.0 | 101.5 |
| 7 | 114.9 | 91.5 | 101.6 | 103.1 |
| 8 | 117.2 | 92.9 | 101.8 | 105.0 |
| 9 | 119.5 | 94.6 | 102.6 | 107.0 |
| 10 | 121.9 | 96.4 | 103.8 | 109.1 |
| 11 | 124.3 | 98.3 | 105.4 | 111.3 |
| 12 | 126.8 | 100.2 | 107.2 | 113.5 |
| 13 | 129.4 | 102.2 | 109.2 | 115.8 |
| 14 | 131.9 | 104.2 | 111.3 | 118.1 |
| 15 | 134.6 | 106.3 | 113.5 | 120.5 |
| 16 | 137.3 | 108.5 | 115.7 | 122.9 |
| 17 | 140.0 | 110.6 | 118.0 | 125.3 |
| 18 | 142.8 | 112.8 | 120.3 | 127.8 |
| 19 | 145.7 | 115.1 | 122.7 | 130.4 |
| 20 | 148.6 | 117.4 | 125.2 | 133.0 |
方法
- 政府工具 Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
- 胡萝卜、大棒与说教 Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
- 创新扩散 Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
- 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- 边界 Natural Earth
- 城市 Natural Earth
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| 仙台框架 监测 | National reporting on 早期预警 coverage (target G) | 公开,UNDRR 条款 |
| WMO Global Multi-Hazard Alert System and alert hub | Authoritative warnings in Common Alerting Protocol format | Public, WMO terms |
| Early Warnings for All progress reports | Status of the four pillars by country | Free to read, UN terms |
| WMO State of Climate Services reports | Capacity of national meteorological and hydrological services | Free, WMO terms |
| ITU and GSMA mobile coverage data | Mobile network coverage relevant to warning delivery | ITU statistics free; GSMA proprietary, terms to check |
| National warning verification reports | Performance of warnings against impacts | 公共记录,条款因机构而异 |
从预报到早期行动,按支柱划分。
The chain from an impact model to an evaluated early action, each step with the pillar that runs it, and the decisions that stay with the authorities. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.
- 风险与影响模型 Foundry
影响阈值根据危害、风险暴露与脆弱性设定。 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015) - 商定触发条件与规程 Nexus Standards
预先写明触发行动的预报概率与提前期。 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015) - 预先安排的资金 主管当局(计划之外)
资金持有方在事件发生前作出承诺。 WMO (2022) - 模拟演练 宇宙
在需要之前对规程进行端到端演练。 WMO (2022) - 预报越过触发条件 Foundry
对照触发条件解读预报;采取行动的决定被记录在案。 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015) - 早期行动 主管当局(计划之外)
响应人员依据各自职责在影响发生前的窗口期内采取行动。 WMO (2022) - 响应人员培训 Risk Academy
响应人员学习规程及其局限。 WMO (2022) - 评估结果发布 报告
公布触发了什么、采取了什么行动以及避免了什么。 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015)
方法
- 基于预报的融资 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015),NHESS 15
- 全民早期预警 WMO (2022),《执行行动计划 2023–2027》
- 有向图的分层绘制 Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
灾害与危机治理负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| National meteorological and hydrological services | What to forecast, at what resolution, and how to issue technical alerts | Verification records and user requirements |
| Disaster management authorities | When to issue public warnings and evacuation orders | Threshold and protocol designs, and lessons from past events |
| Telecom regulators and operators | Whether cell broadcast or location-based alerts are mandated and how | Coverage data and comparable regulatory arrangements |
| Local leaders and community organisations | How warnings are relayed and acted on locally | Community warning practice and evaluation |
该主题产生的产出
- Maps of warning mandates from forecast to public action
- Guide to the four pillars of people-centred 早期预警
- Dialogue briefs on last-mile channels and accessible formats
- Method note on verifying warnings against impacts
Exercise a cascade in early warning governance with the people who decide.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 早期预警与预期行动: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-10政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NRS-C7早期预警、触发机制和预期行动NRS-S9System profile: NXS-AAP (Anticipatory action and triggers)NRS-H117危害类别:社会凝聚力与暴行风险(NHS-1 soc.cohesion)NRS-H83危害族:卫生系统能力失效(NHS-1 health.system)NRS-H98危害族:大规模运行的自主智能体 AI(NHS-1 tech.ai-agentic)NRS-H22危害类别:日地风暴(NHS-1 space.solar-storm)
观测
- NWS API active alerts (CAP 1.2 as GeoJSON) (listed for reference)
- GloFAS global flood forecasts and reanalysis (listed for reference)
- ECMWF open data (IFS and AIFS real-time forecasts) (listed for reference)
- CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)
- 拥有多灾种预警系统的国家数目
- Number of countries that have multi-hazard monitoring and forecasting systems
- Number of people per 100,000 covered by early warning information through local governments or national dissemination mechanisms
- Number of countries with accessible, understandable, usable and relevant disaster risk information and assessment
示例地理范围
- Southeast Asia: 51 hexagonal cells
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
治理专家提出的问题。
Effective 早期预警 saves lives and reduces losses, and international initiatives aim to extend warning coverage to everyone. Yet many failures of warning have been failures of governance: a forecast existed but no one had authority to act on it, a warning was issued but did not say what to do, or it reached some groups and not others. The warning chain is only as strong as its weakest institutional link.
- Which authority is legally responsible for issuing each type of warning, and how is that responsibility coordinated across hazards?
- What decisions should a warning trigger, by whom, and are those decisions agreed in advance?
- Do warnings reach everyone at risk, including people with disabilities, speakers of other languages and those without mobile phones?
- How are false alarms and missed events reviewed, and how is trust maintained?
How early warning governance is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.
政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。
随时间变化的授权与协定
The agreements that set mandates and commitments on early warning governance, from adoption to their current horizon.
- 2015《仙台减少灾害风险框架》UNDRR
- 2015《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标联合国
- 2030《2030 年议程》和《仙台框架》的时间跨度联合国
安排如何运作。
The warning chain has four linked elements, each with its own owners.
Risk and monitoring
Understanding of hazards and exposure, and monitoring and forecasting, largely the work of scientific agencies. See 气候与灾害.
Issuing warnings
A designated authority turns forecasts into public warnings with clear meaning and instructions.
Dissemination and response
Warnings reach people through multiple channels, and people know how to respond. Preparedness turns a message into action.
预期行动 has added a new governance dimension. When funds or actions are released automatically once a forecast crosses a threshold, the choice of threshold, data source and decision owner becomes a governance decision with real consequences. Who sets the trigger, who can override it and who reviews it afterwards must be agreed in advance and recorded.
Why now: the UN Early Warnings for All initiative (2022) aims for everyone to be covered by multi-hazard warnings by 2027, and the hardest part is the last mile from a forecast to an action. The platform is designed to convene the authorities that issue warnings and those that must act on them; exercises never send a real warning.
证据如何构建,及其局限。
- 01
Warning chain analysis
Examines each step from detection to action to find delays and gaps. Requires access to operational records.
- 02
Post-event review
Reviews of warning performance after events, including false alarms and missed warnings.
- 03
Social research
Studies of how people perceive and act on warnings, which vary with trust, experience and circumstance.
- 04
决策分析
Methods for setting warning thresholds under uncertainty, applying 不确定性下的决策分析. Thresholds balance missed events against false alarms.
问题与解答。
What is people-centred early warning?
What is the Common Alerting Protocol?
Does this platform issue warnings?
Does the platform issue warnings?
Why do people ignore warnings?
What is impact-based forecasting?
Who is accountable when a warning fails?
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