Pre-positioning relief stocks
Location models compare warehouse sites against hazard scenarios, travel times and costs, showing how stock placement changes access in different events.
GRF · 灾害与危机治理
面向灾害与危机治理的优化与运筹学
Optimisation finds the best use of limited resources under constraints. In crisis governance it supports the placement of shelters and stockpiles, routing of relief, scheduling of response teams and the sequencing of recovery investment, with the assumptions that decide each result stated.
01目录
Optimisation and operations research for disaster and crisis governance in five parts.
02申请
What optimisation and operations research does here.
Optimisation and operations research develop mathematical methods for allocating resources and making decisions under constraints. They support planning and logistics in complex, interconnected 系统. In disaster and crisis and 关键基础设施, optimisation supports prepositioning of supplies, network investment and recovery sequencing. Robust formulations help choose options that perform acceptably across many scenarios. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.
Evacuation and relief routing
Network models estimate evacuation clearance times and relief routes under road closures, giving planners evidence on bottlenecks.
Sequencing recovery investment
Multi-objective models compare reconstruction sequences on cost, time and 风险, with the weights chosen by the decision maker shown.
03监测
Optimisation run.
团队遵循该方法时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
Optimisation run
Crisis governance · Optimisation and operations · Run R-3696
Feasible, gap closingGRF · 灾害与危机治理
融合
方法卡
- 方法
- 优化与运筹学
- Variables
- 55,100
- Optimality gap
- 1.8 pct
- 标签
- 模型估算
Binding constraints
| 能力 | 0 | 11 | Binding |
| Budget | 0 | 0.3 | Binding |
| 服务级别 | 7 | 0 | Slack |
04数据
该方法使用的输入。
Datasets and records used by optimisation and operations research on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in 来源登记册.
| 数据 | 角色 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|
| Road and facility networks | Model structure | 观测 |
| Hazard scenarios | Disruption inputs | 模型估算 |
| Population and demand data | Need estimates | 估算 |
| Cost and capacity records | Constraints | 已报告 |
05政策情景
比较文书：规则、激励和信息。
三类工具在你设定的覆盖率和遵从率下与基线并列比较，每类都有自己的滞后和采用速度；效应大小是教学用数值，应以证据替换。情景：关于未来的具名假设，不是预测。
控制措施
- 结果的基线趋势
- 每年 2.0%
- 该工具的覆盖范围
- 70%
- 合规
- 75%
- 效应量，相对于教学取值
- 100%
- 未来年数
- 20 年
读数
- 期末时点降幅最大
- 监管
- 相对基线的降幅
- 21%
数字、方法与来源
| 年份 | 基线 | 监管 | 经济激励 | 信息与能力 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 98.8 | 99.1 |
| 1 | 102.0 | 101.2 | 100.1 | 99.8 |
| 2 | 104.0 | 102.5 | 101.1 | 99.9 |
| 3 | 106.1 | 103.5 | 101.6 | 100.0 |
| 4 | 108.2 | 103.7 | 101.8 | 100.7 |
| 5 | 110.4 | 103.2 | 101.7 | 102.1 |
| 6 | 112.6 | 102.0 | 101.6 | 103.9 |
| 7 | 114.9 | 100.4 | 101.6 | 105.9 |
| 8 | 117.2 | 99.2 | 102.1 | 108.0 |
| 9 | 119.5 | 98.6 | 102.9 | 110.1 |
| 10 | 121.9 | 98.9 | 104.2 | 112.3 |
| 11 | 124.3 | 99.7 | 105.7 | 114.5 |
| 12 | 126.8 | 101.1 | 107.4 | 116.8 |
| 13 | 129.4 | 102.7 | 109.4 | 119.2 |
| 14 | 131.9 | 104.5 | 111.4 | 121.6 |
| 15 | 134.6 | 106.5 | 113.5 | 124.0 |
| 16 | 137.3 | 108.5 | 115.7 | 126.5 |
| 17 | 140.0 | 110.7 | 118.0 | 129.0 |
| 18 | 142.8 | 112.9 | 120.4 | 131.6 |
| 19 | 145.7 | 115.1 | 122.8 | 134.2 |
| 20 | 148.6 | 117.4 | 125.2 | 136.9 |
方法
- 政府工具 Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
- 胡萝卜、大棒与说教 Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
- 创新扩散 Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
- 不确定性扇形图（参数蒙特卡罗） Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性（龙卷风图） Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- 边界 Natural Earth
- 城市 Natural Earth
贯穿六大支柱，由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
06验证
结果如何核查。
Solutions are checked for feasibility, tested through simulation and compared with historical decisions. 敏感性分析 examines how results change with parameters.
| 核查 | 如何开展 |
|---|---|
| Scenario range | Results are tested across several hazard scenarios, not one |
| Sensitivity to weights | Changes in objective weights and their effect are reported |
| Field validation | Model assumptions such as travel times are compared with observed data from exercises or events |
Optimal solutions can be fragile when assumptions are wrong. Objectives may omit values that are hard to quantify.
07实施
从授权到评估，按支柱划分。
一项文书从授权到评估所经历的步骤，每一步都标明负责运行的支柱，以及仍由当局作出的决定。这是带有明示说明性数值的教学模型，不是预测。
- 授权与问题界定 主管当局（计划之外）
主管当局依其自身规则界定问题和授权。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl（2009） - 证据与系统模型 Foundry
对系统及其反馈、数据和已说明的局限进行建模。 OECD (2014)，原则 2 - 在情景下评估备选方案 Foundry
在情景下比较各项政策工具，并显示不确定性。 Hood (1983) - 与利益相关方演练 宇宙
在演练中与将实施和承担这些方案的各方一起检验方案。 OECD（2014），原则 3 - 起草标准或指南 Nexus Standards
行之有效的做法被编纂为标准或指南，并公开征求意见。 Nexus Standards 流程 - 由主管当局决定 主管当局（计划之外）
主管当局在计划之外，依据记录在案的证据作出决定。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl（2009） - 能力与培训 Risk Academy
负责实施的人员接受关于所决定文书及其数据的培训。 仙台框架（2015），优先事项 2 - 监测与公开报告 报告
指标连同来源、局限和更正一并发布。 OECD（2014），原则 5 - 评估与修订 Nexus Standards
结果反馈至标准和模型：循环闭合。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl（2009）
方法
- 政策周期 Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009), Studying Public Policy, Oxford University Press
- 关键风险治理 OECD（2014），Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
- 有向图的分层绘制 Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
贯穿六大支柱，由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
09工具与承诺
工具、职责与承诺。
政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排，并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性，并非记录。
随时间变化的授权与协定
The agreements that set mandates and commitments on optimisation and operations research for disaster and crisis governance, from adoption to their current horizon.
- 2015《仙台减少灾害风险框架》UNDRR
- 2015《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标联合国
- 2030《2030 年议程》和《仙台框架》的时间跨度联合国
《仙台框架》（减少灾害风险） · 联合国减少灾害风险办公室《巴黎协定》 · 《联合国气候变化框架公约》《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标 · 联合国《国际卫生条例》 · 世卫组织
10管理责任
由谁维护该方法。
系统科学与建模 stewards optimisation and operations research for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
11已关联
本页在整个联合体中通向何处。
12问题
问题与解答。
What are the limits of optimisation and operations research in this field?
Optimal solutions can be fragile when assumptions are wrong. Objectives may omit values that are hard to quantify.
结果如何核查？
Solutions are checked for feasibility, tested through simulation and compared with historical decisions. Sensitivity analysis examines how results change with parameters.
本页面上的数值是真实的吗？
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
该方法还应用于何处？
维持社会运转的各个 规范方法页面 列出应用该方法的每个平台。
报告贡献
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
全球风险论坛（Global Risks Forum）灾害与危机治理Universe 年度综述证据简报
- 电子邮件网关 GW-GRF从本页发送证据、更正、案例、方法、审查、翻译或概况投稿。它会带上本页标签送达，由负责的编辑接收。
- Zenodo开放存缴存缴并提交到社区用您的 ORCID iD 在 Zenodo 上发布您自己的记录，然后提交到那里的 Reports 社区。由策展人审核；DOI 仍归您所有。
- 报告全球风险论坛（Global Risks Forum）查看所有贡献方式贡献类型、各自的评审方式、您获得的署名、许可协议，以及绝不接受的内容。
切勿发送个人数据、敏感基础设施细节或您无权分享的任何内容。贡献在使用前会经过审查；发送贡献不赋予署名权或编辑权，赞助也绝不能换取研究结论。
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