Skip to content

GRF · 灾害与危机治理

模拟与事后评估

Institutions learn about crises in two ways: by rehearsing them and by reviewing them. Simulation exercises test plans, relationships and decisions under controlled pressure; after-action reviews examine what happened in a real event. Both are useful only if lessons identified become changes made. This page sets out how exercises and reviews work and where learning fails, the records that show it, and who decides what changes.

01画布

工作如何开展。

系统 · 围绕本主题示意

多机构协调看板

Simulation and after action · National crisis centre · Exercise EX-22

协调演练GRF · 灾害与危机治理

谁牵头什么

警告气象部门民防清除活跃
疏散市政当局警察重叠已分派
避难所社会服务志愿者协会清除活跃
公共信息危机协调员全部差距未分派

演练日志

  1. 09:00STA演练开始
  2. 09:44WRN已发布红色预警
  3. 10:13GAP两个机构发布相互矛盾的建议
  4. 11:00FIX已指定唯一发言人

事后复盘事项

  1. AA-1在法律中指定公共信息负责机构政策负责人55 d
  2. AA-2机构间共享的态势图危机中心58 d
Multi-agency coordination board: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Simulation and after action.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。

图多机构协调面板:示例名称与示意数值,不是记录,也不是实时系统。

02问题

Simulation and after action: how the risk develops.

Exercise governance and learning. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Exercises confirm the plan

Exercises designed to succeed test the plan as written rather than its weak points. Severe, surprising scenarios reveal more, but they are uncomfortable for the organisations being tested.

机制

Lessons are identified, not learned

Reviews produce recommendations that repeat across events. Without an owner, a deadline and follow-up, lessons stay in reports and the same failures recur.

机制

Blame suppresses candour

If reviews are used to assign blame, participants withhold information. Separating learning reviews from accountability processes improves candour, but both are needed.

机制

Learning stays in one agency

Lessons from one agency or country rarely travel. Shared repositories and joint reviews spread them, but only when someone is responsible for reading and acting on them.

03地理

加勒比地区当前的危害。

来自 NASA GIBS 的加勒比洪水水体、人口密度和活跃火点。每个图层都带有自己的日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的当前危害

关于此图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;这些数值是指标,不是某一地点的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
分辨率
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;不是已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
提供方
NASA GES DISC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;近实时卫星估算
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

当前危害,以加勒比地区为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 20 个数据源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在开启时,会在地图上和此处注明其提供方;预报为模型输出,衍生指数为估算值。

图层与日期

  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
  • 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Exercises conductedcount per year, by type and level年度Exercise programme records已报告
Exercises involving several agencies or sectorsshare of exercises年度演练记录已报告
After-action reviews completed after major eventsshare of events reviewed年度机构记录已报告
Recommendations implementedshare of recommendations closed with evidence年度Follow-up reports已报告
Repeat findings across reviewscount of recurring issues定期Review analysis估算
Joint external evaluations or simulation exercises under IHR计数定期世卫组织记录已发布统计
05孪生与级联模拟器

Exercise a cascade in simulation and after action with the people who decide.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 早期预警与预期行动: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 冰塞洪水
  • 热带气旋
  • 热浪
  • 艾滋病毒流行
  • 风暴潮(在下游引发)
  • 强降雨(在下游引发)
  • 河流洪水(在下游引发)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • 危险海浪(在下游引发)
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
  • 极端火险天气(在下游引发)
  • 野火 (在下游引发)
  • 高温导致的电网压力(在下游引发)
  • 农业干旱(在下游引发)
  • 骤发干旱(在下游引发)
  • 积雪干旱(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-C7 早期预警、触发机制和预期行动
  • NRS-S9 System profile: NXS-AAP (Anticipatory action and triggers)
  • NRS-H117 危害类别:社会凝聚力与暴行风险(NHS-1 soc.cohesion)
  • NRS-H83 危害族:卫生系统能力失效(NHS-1 health.system)
  • NRS-H98 危害族:大规模运行的自主智能体 AI(NHS-1 tech.ai-agentic)
  • NRS-H22 危害类别:日地风暴(NHS-1 space.solar-storm)

观测

  • NWS API active alerts (CAP 1.2 as GeoJSON) (listed for reference)
  • GloFAS global flood forecasts and reanalysis (listed for reference)
  • ECMWF open data (IFS and AIFS real-time forecasts) (listed for reference)
  • CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)
  • 拥有多灾种预警系统的国家数目
  • Number of countries that have multi-hazard monitoring and forecasting systems
  • Number of people per 100,000 covered by early warning information through local governments or national dissemination mechanisms
  • Number of countries with accessible, understandable, usable and relevant disaster risk information and assessment

示例地理范围

  • Southeast Asia: 51 hexagonal cells
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
06来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
WHO simulation exercise and after-action review guidance and reportsMethods and records of health emergency exercises and reviews免费,世卫组织条款
FEMA Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP)Exercise design and evaluation doctrine公有领域
公共调查报告Independent reviews of major emergenciesPublic records, terms per inquiry
ALNAP evaluation libraryEvaluations of humanitarian responsesFree to read, terms per document
European Union Civil Protection Mechanism lessons learnt programme recordsExercises and lessons across participating states公开,欧盟再利用条款
07工具与承诺

How simulation and after action is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.

政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。

随时间变化的授权与协定

The agreements that set mandates and commitments on simulation and after action, from adoption to their current horizon.

  1. 2015《仙台减少灾害风险框架》UNDRR
  2. 2015《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标联合国
  3. 2030《2030 年议程》和《仙台框架》的时间跨度联合国
Adoption years of the agreements named; the texts and their bodies are the authority. Chosen from the page’s fields.
《仙台框架》(减少灾害风险) · 联合国减少灾害风险办公室《巴黎协定》 · 《联合国气候变化框架公约》《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标 · 联合国《国际卫生条例》 · 世卫组织
08决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

灾害与危机治理负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Emergency management agenciesWhich scenarios to exercise and how oftenExercise practice and recurring findings
Agency headsWhich recommendations to implement and with what resourcesReview findings and follow-up records
Legislatures and inquiry chairsWhether to commission an independent review and what it coversComparative inquiry practice
Health ministriesWhether to hold IHR simulation exercises and reviewsWHO guidance and exercise records

该主题产生的产出

  • Guide to exercise types, from discussion to full-scale
  • Method note on tracking lessons from identification to change
  • Dialogue briefs on recurring findings across public inquiries
  • Questions for agencies designing exercise programmes
09核心问题

治理专家提出的问题。

Plans that have never been tested rarely work as written. Exercises reveal gaps in authority, communication, information and resources in a setting where mistakes cost nothing. But many exercises are designed to succeed rather than to find weaknesses, and many lessons are identified but never learned. The governance of exercises, who designs them, who sees the results and who acts on them, decides their value.

  • What are the objectives of an exercise, and are they designed to test real weaknesses?
  • Who participates, and does the exercise involve the decision-makers who would act in a real crisis?
  • How candid is the after-action review, and how are findings protected from being used to assign blame?
  • Who owns each follow-up action, and how is implementation tracked?
10机制

安排如何运作。

Learning depends on exercise design, honest review and follow-through.

设计

Exercise types

Discussion-based tabletop exercises test decisions; functional and full-scale exercises test operations. Each serves different objectives.

审核

After-action learning

Structured reviews ask what was expected, what happened, why and what will change. A blame-free approach encourages candour.

Follow-through

Lessons learned

Actions with named owners and deadlines, tracked until complete. Many 系统 fail at this step.

The distinction between lessons identified and lessons learned is central. An after-action report that lists problems is only the first step; learning happens when procedures, training, resources or structures change and the change is tested in a later exercise. Governance arrangements that assign ownership of each lesson, and that report publicly on progress where possible, make that cycle visible.

Why now: public inquiries, including the United Kingdom COVID-19 Inquiry’s first module report (2024), found that exercise lessons had been identified but not implemented. The platform is designed to apply established exercise practice, such as the WHO Simulation Exercise Manual (2017) and after action review guidance (2019), and to track each improvement item to its owner.

11方法与证据

证据如何构建,及其局限。

  1. 01

    Exercise evaluation

    Observation against objectives during exercises. Evaluators need independence and expertise.

  2. 02

    Lessons databases

    Collections of lessons across events and exercises. Useful only if searched and acted upon.

  3. 03

    Simulation models

    Computer simulations of crisis dynamics, applying optimisation and operations research and decision analysis under uncertainty. They support exercises but cannot replace human decision-making practice.

  4. 04

    Longitudinal tracking

    Following whether the same issues recur across events, which indicates whether learning is happening.

12方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 不确定性下的决策分析预警阈值与误报 · 预先商定的行动触发条件在此应用
  2. 优化与运筹学预置救灾物资 · 疏散与救援路线规划 · 恢复投资的排序在此应用
  3. 政策、制度与决策科学比较应急法律 · 追踪反复出现的发现 · 梳理协调结构在此应用
13问题

问题与解答。

What is an after-action review?
A structured review of what was planned, what happened, why, and what should change, held after an exercise or a real event. WHO and many emergency agencies publish guidance for it.
What types of exercise are there?
Discussion-based exercises such as seminars and tabletop exercises, and operations-based exercises such as drills, functional exercises and full-scale exercises.
Why do the same lessons recur?
Because recommendations often lack an owner, resources and follow-up, and because organisational turnover erases memory. Tracking lessons to closure addresses this.
What makes an exercise useful?
Clear objectives, realistic scenarios, participation of real decision-makers, honest review and tracked follow-up actions.
Why are lessons often not learned?
Because findings lack owners, resources or follow-up, or because reviews avoid uncomfortable conclusions. Tracking implementation addresses this.
Are exercise results published?
At a public-safe level, without assessing individuals and only with participating institutions’ agreement on what is released.
Does the Universe exercise replace national exercises?
No. It complements them and has no authority over any national exercise programme.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

全球风险论坛(Global Risks Forum)灾害与危机治理Universe 年度综述证据简报
灾害与危机治理

把一个治理问题带到论坛。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。