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GRF · Diplomacy Nexus

科学外交

Science diplomacy is the use of scientific cooperation, advice and shared evidence in relations between states, and the use of diplomacy to make scientific cooperation possible. It matters most where facts are contested and trust is thin: joint monitoring of a shared river, an intergovernmental assessment approved line by line, a research facility built by neighbours who disagree on much else. This page sets out how scientific cooperation is organised across borders, how it is recorded and what it can and cannot do for those who negotiate.

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01目录

Science diplomacy in seven parts.

本档案内容7 个部分
  1. 01问题Science diplomacy: how the risk develops
  2. 02指标衡量什么，以及衡量得如何
  3. 03来源证据的来源
  4. 04决定由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么
  5. 05核心问题从业者与学者提出的问题
  6. 06机制与驱动因素How science and diplomacy interact
  7. 07方法与数据平台如何处理该主题
02问题

Science diplomacy: how the risk develops.

International scientific cooperation methods. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Evidence before positions

Jointly produced evidence gives negotiators a shared baseline before positions harden. When each side brings its own data, the dispute moves to the data; when the data are joint, the argument can stay on the choices.

机制

Approval turns science into shared text

In the IPCC and IPBES, governments approve summaries for policymakers line by line with the authors. The process is slow, but the approved text becomes a reference that no delegation can easily disown.

机制

Cooperation as a channel

Scientific exchanges, shared facilities and joint expeditions keep contact open when political channels are strained. They carry people, information and trust, and they can be closed by the same politics they are meant to soften.

机制

Access and asymmetry

Funding, instruments, data access and visa regimes are unevenly distributed. Cooperation that leaves one side as data provider and the other as analyst reproduces the asymmetry it claims to bridge, and partners notice.

03地理

底格里斯河与幼发拉底河流域的人口与危害。

来自 NASA GIBS 的底格里斯河与幼发拉底河流域人口密度、夜间灯光与洪水。每个图层都注明其日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的人口与危害

关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11（NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN））
提供方
NASA SEDAC（CIESIN，哥伦比亚大学）
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null；基于人口普查的估算，静态（2020）
分辨率
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算，作为风险暴露背景展示；不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS 黑色大理石（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星辐亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度；灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标，不是对供应或可及性的测量。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测（云层造成缺口）
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品（NASA LANCE）
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星探测；云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测；云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；这些数值是指标，不是某一地点的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测（云层和过境时间造成缺口）
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米（FIRMS）（NASA LANCE FIRMS）
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星探测；云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果，包括天然气火炬和工业热源；不是已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。

底格里斯河与幼发拉底河流域的人口与危害。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。

数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · 美国地质调查局来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统（FIRMS），VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品，NASA LANCE；矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
  • 背景：CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE。哥伦比亚大学国际地球科学信息网络中心（CIESIN）和 NASA 社会经济数据与应用中心（SEDAC）：Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010；Seto, Guneralp and Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030；Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013。
  • 实时：美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 可选图层（图层列表中有 5 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）在打开时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报为模型输出，派生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度，2020 年：人口：哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN，世界网格化人口 v4.11（2018），NASA SEDAC， CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 洪水水体，3 日合成：VIIRS 全球洪水产品，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 活跃火点与热异常：VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m（FIRMS），NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
  • 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024

04指标

衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
International co-authorship in shared-risk fieldsshare of publications with authors in two or more countries年度文献计量记录观测
Bilateral science and technology agreements in forcecount of agreements持续Foreign ministry treaty records已发布统计
Government-approved assessment summariescount per assessment cycle每个周期IPCC and IPBES session reports已发布统计
Membership of shared research infrastructuresmember and associate states年度Infrastructure governance records已发布统计
Joint monitoring programmes with shared datacount of programmes年度Programme and secretariat records已报告
Delegations with scientific advisers at assessment sessionsshare of delegations每场会议Lists of participants已发布统计
Science advisory function in foreign ministriespresence of a designated functionsurveyMinistry statements and surveys已声明
05监测

谈判轨道服务台。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。

谈判轨道服务台

Science diplomacy · Shared basin dialogue · Round 5

方括号中的文本GRF · Diplomacy Nexus

跟踪

  1. 召集各方
  2. Fact-finding联合
  3. 备选方案共享
  4. 文本草案方括号
  5. 协议由各方决定
  6. 实施监测

条文草案、条款

第 3 条数据交换0暂时同意（ad ref）
第 5 条枯水期分水6打开
第 7 条工程通知2打开
第 9 条争端预防5未讨论

主持人注

下一轮
第 9 周
格式
闭门，不具名
决定
仅限各方
GRF 的角色
召集、记录
Negotiation track desk: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Science diplomacy.示例名称和示意数值；是设计方案，并非记录或实时系统。
06来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
OpenAlexOpen bibliographic records for tracing international co-authorship and institutional linksCC0 public domain dedication
IPCC and IPBES session recordsApproval session reports, government review comments and approved summariesFree to read, terms per body
UNESCO 统计研究所National research and development spending and researcher countsOpen, CC BY-SA IGO
UNESCO 科学报告Regional and national reviews of science policy and cooperationOpen access, CC BY-SA IGO
International Science Council recordsMember unions, programmes and science input to multilateral processesFree to read, terms per publication
Arctic Council open access repositoryThe Arctic scientific cooperation agreement and working group outputsFree to read, repository terms
07政策情景

比较文书：规则、激励和信息。

三类工具在你设定的覆盖率和遵从率下与基线并列比较，每类都有自己的滞后和采用速度；效应大小是教学用数值，应以证据替换。情景：关于未来的具名假设，不是预测。本页地图显示底格里斯河与幼发拉底河流域；模型本身并不绑定某个地点。

控制措施

结果的基线趋势
每年 2.0%
该工具的覆盖范围
70%
合规
75%
效应量，相对于教学取值
100%
未来年数
20 年

读数

期末时点降幅最大
监管
相对基线的降幅
21%
数字、方法与来源
年份基线监管经济激励信息与能力
0100.099.598.899.1
1102.0101.2100.199.8
2104.0102.5101.199.9
3106.1103.5101.6100.0
4108.2103.7101.8100.7
5110.4103.2101.7102.1
6112.6102.0101.6103.9
7114.9100.4101.6105.9
8117.299.2102.1108.0
9119.598.6102.9110.1
10121.998.9104.2112.3
11124.399.7105.7114.5
12126.8101.1107.4116.8
13129.4102.7109.4119.2
14131.9104.5111.4121.6
15134.6106.5113.5124.0
16137.3108.5115.7126.5
17140.0110.7118.0129.0
18142.8112.9120.4131.6
19145.7115.1122.8134.2
20148.6117.4125.2136.9

方法

  1. 政府工具 Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
  2. 胡萝卜、大棒与说教 Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
  3. 创新扩散 Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
  4. 不确定性扇形图（参数蒙特卡罗） Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. 单因素敏感性（龙卷风图） Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 边界 Natural Earth
  • 城市 Natural Earth
比较政策工具：规则、激励和信息。示意性教学模型：依据控件设定的数值运行，而非实测数据。方法：政府工具（Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan）；胡萝卜、大棒与说教（Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction）；创新扩散（Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press）。

贯穿六大支柱，由 Nexus Consortium 牵头

08决定

由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。

Diplomacy Nexus 负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出，绝不由平台作出。

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Foreign ministries and their science advisersWhich scientific channels to open or protect when political relations are strainedRecords of existing cooperation, its partners and its dependence on political consent
Heads of delegation at intergovernmental assessmentsWhether to approve a summary text, and what to ask the authors to changeThe underlying assessment chapters, the approval rules and the record of earlier sessions
Research funders and national academiesWhich joint programmes to fund and on what terms of access, authorship and dataCo-authorship and access patterns, data-sharing terms used in comparable programmes
Basin and regional organisationsWhether to commission joint fact-finding before a negotiation roundGuides to joint fact-finding with the conditions under which it has helped and failed

该主题产生的产出

  • Science diplomacy guides on joint fact-finding, data agreements and assessment processes
  • Records of how shared evidence entered specific negotiations
  • Maps of scientific cooperation channels between states in a region
  • Templates for joint monitoring and data-sharing terms
09实施

从授权到评估，按支柱划分。

一项工具从授权到评估所经历的步骤，每一步都标明由哪个支柱执行，以及哪些决定仍由主管当局作出。这是带有说明性取值的教学模型，不是预测。本页地图显示底格里斯河与幼发拉底河流域；模型本身并不绑定某个地点。

  1. 授权与问题界定 主管当局（计划之外）
    主管当局依其自身规则界定问题和授权。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl（2009）
  2. 证据与系统模型 Foundry
    对系统及其反馈、数据和已说明的局限进行建模。 OECD (2014)，原则 2
  3. 在情景下评估备选方案 Foundry
    在情景下比较各项政策工具，并显示不确定性。 Hood (1983)
  4. 与利益相关方演练 宇宙
    在演练中与将实施和承担这些方案的各方一起检验方案。 OECD（2014），原则 3
  5. 起草标准或指南 Nexus Standards
    行之有效的做法被编纂为标准或指南，并公开征求意见。 Nexus Standards 流程
  6. 由主管当局决定 主管当局（计划之外）
    主管当局在计划之外，依据记录在案的证据作出决定。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl（2009）
  7. 能力与培训 Risk Academy
    负责实施的人员接受关于所决定文书及其数据的培训。 仙台框架（2015），优先事项 2
  8. 监测与公开报告 报告
    指标连同来源、局限和更正一并发布。 OECD（2014），原则 5
  9. 评估与修订 Nexus Standards
    结果反馈至标准和模型：循环闭合。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl（2009）

方法

  1. 政策周期 Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009), Studying Public Policy, Oxford University Press
  2. 关键风险治理 OECD（2014），Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
  3. 有向图的分层绘制 Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
从授权到评估，按支柱划分：所记录的各个步骤及其所属支柱；来源按各步骤所引。

贯穿六大支柱，由 Nexus Consortium 牵头

10核心问题

从业者与学者提出的问题。

  • When does joint scientific work build trust, and when does it simply reflect existing relations?
  • How can scientific advice reach international decision-makers without being politicised?
  • How are data, samples and credit shared fairly between partners of unequal capacity?
  • What role do scientific assessments play in international negotiations?
  • How should scientists handle research with security or dual-use implications?
11孪生与级联模拟器

Exercise a cascade in science diplomacy with the people who decide.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 地缘政治与安全风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • Interstate war
  • Mass displacement （在下游引发）
  • Attacks on critical infrastructure （在下游引发）
  • Explosive remnants and landmines (set off downstream)
  • Conflict-related environmental damage (set off downstream)
  • Trade restriction or embargo (set off downstream)
  • Commodity price shock (set off downstream)
  • Satellite-navigation disruption (set off downstream)
  • Acute food crisis (set off downstream)
  • Deliberate destruction of cultural heritage (set off downstream)
  • Nuclear facility in an armed conflict (set off downstream)
  • Chokepoint blockage (set off downstream)
  • Post-disaster traumatic stress (set off downstream)
  • Nuclear plant accident (set off downstream)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）
  • NS-9 情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）
  • NS-11 验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）
  • NRS-P8 安全、恐怖主义与地缘政治风险
  • NRS-H60 危害类别：供应链与流动中断（NHS-1 sys.supply-chain）
  • NRS-H62 危害类别：复合与多危害事件（NHS-1 sys.compound）
  • NRS-H31 危害类别：持久性和生物累积性物质（NHS-1 poll.persistent）
  • NRS-H41 危害族：动物向人类的溢出（NHS-1 health.zoonotic）
  • NRS-H59 危害类别：经济冲击与治理失灵（NHS-1 soc.economic）

观测

  • Geopolitical Risk Index (Caldara and Iacoviello) (listed for reference)
  • UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset and Candidate Events (listed for reference)
  • GDELT event database and global knowledge graph (listed for reference)
  • Worldwide Governance Indicators (listed for reference)
  • Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population

示例地理范围

  • The Horn of Africa: 253 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
  • 地表土壤湿度（SMAP），NASA GIBS
12机制与驱动因素

How science and diplomacy interact.

Scientific cooperation has long continued across political divides, in fields such as polar research, particle physics, seismology and public health. Shared instruments, data and problems create working relationships and a common technical language. These ties can keep channels open, though they rarely change underlying political positions on their own.

International scientific assessments, in which researchers from many countries review and synthesise evidence, give negotiators a shared factual basis. Their authority rests on transparency, breadth of participation and the separation of evidence from policy choice. When that separation weakens, assessments may be seen as partisan.

Capacity is unequal. Researchers in lower-income countries may provide data and local knowledge without equal access to funding, authorship or decisions. Fair partnership practices, including data sovereignty and benefit sharing, are central to legitimate science diplomacy.

Why now: new scientific panels on AI and on chemicals, waste and pollution were established in 2025, and evidence-based exchange across jurisdictions is needed on basins, health and the commons. Diplomacy Nexus convenes that exchange with each source’s authority kept, and holds no diplomatic status.

13工具与承诺

How science diplomacy is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.

政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排，并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性，并非记录。

随时间变化的授权与协定

The agreements that set mandates and commitments on science diplomacy, from adoption to their current horizon.

  1. 1992《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》联合国
  2. 2015《仙台减少灾害风险框架》UNDRR
  3. 2015《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标联合国
  4. 2015《巴黎协定》UNFCCC
  5. 2022昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架CBD
  6. 2023《巴黎协定》下的首次全球盘点UNFCCC
  7. 2024《未来契约》和《全球数字契约》联合国
Adoption years of the agreements named; the texts and their bodies are the authority. Chosen from the page’s fields.
《仙台框架》（减少灾害风险） · 联合国减少灾害风险办公室《巴黎协定》 · 《联合国气候变化框架公约》《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标 · 联合国《国际卫生条例》 · 世卫组织
14方法与数据

平台如何处理该主题。

  1. 01

    比较案例分析

    Studying past scientific collaborations across political divides. Success depends on context, so lessons transfer with care.

  2. 02

    Assessment process review

    Examining how international assessments are produced and used, using policy science.

  3. 03

    Partnership principles

    Comparing frameworks for fair data sharing, authorship and benefit. Principles differ between fields and countries.

  4. 04

    结构化对话

    Convening scientists and policy practitioners under agreed rules to examine shared questions.

Dialogue can clarify evidence and positions, but it does not resolve political disagreement. Records state what was discussed, not what was agreed by any government.

15方法

如何研究，以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 政策、制度与决策科学比较条约分析 · 职责授权与机构梳理 · 实施审查在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  2. 博弈论与机制设计共享流域中的惠益分享 · 气候协定中的联盟在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  3. 海洋与海岸科学海平面上升与海洋区域 · 共享鱼类种群与渔业机构在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  4. 水文学与水科学联合流域水账户 · 针对干旱检验分配规则在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
16问题

问题与解答。

Is science diplomacy neutral?
No process run by states is fully neutral. Science diplomacy can serve national interests as well as shared ones. Good practice states who funds, who sets the questions and who owns the data, so that partners can judge the cooperation for themselves.
Why do governments approve scientific summaries?
Approval gives the summary an authority in negotiations that a purely scientific report would lack. Authors can refuse wording that conflicts with the underlying assessment, which protects the science while governments own the summary.
What is joint fact-finding?
A process in which parties agree the questions, choose the experts together and accept the method in advance, so that the findings cannot easily be dismissed as one side’s evidence. It does not oblige anyone to accept a particular outcome.
Does Diplomacy Nexus advise governments?
No. It describes methods, institutions and records that governments, organisations and researchers can use under their own mandates and procedures.
Does science diplomacy make science political?
It can, if evidence and policy choice are blurred. Good practice keeps them distinct, and the platform’s dialogues are designed to do so.
Can scientists take part in a dialogue in a personal capacity?
Yes. Each dialogue states whether participants speak for themselves or their institutions.
Does GRF produce scientific assessments?
No. GRF convenes dialogue. Scientific work is done by GCRI and independent researchers.
Who can join the Science Diplomacy chapter?
Scholars and practitioners in the field, when chapter participation opens. Interest can be registered by enquiry now.
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报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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