GRF · Diplomacy Nexus
Science diplomacy
Science diplomacy is the use of scientific cooperation, advice and shared evidence in relations between states, and the use of diplomacy to make scientific cooperation possible. It matters most where facts are contested and trust is thin: joint monitoring of a shared river, an intergovernmental assessment approved line by line, a research facility built by neighbours who disagree on much else. This page sets out how scientific cooperation is organised across borders, how it is recorded and what it can and cannot do for those who negotiate.
Science diplomacy in seven parts.
- 01The questionScience diplomacy: how the risk develops
- 02IndicatorsWhat is measured, and how well
- 03SourcesWhere the evidence comes from
- 04DecisionsWho decides, and what the evidence serves
- 05Core questionsWhat practitioners and scholars ask
- 06Mechanisms and driversHow science and diplomacy interact
- 07Methods and dataHow the platform approaches the subject
Science diplomacy: how the risk develops.
International scientific cooperation methods. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Evidence before positions
Jointly produced evidence gives negotiators a shared baseline before positions harden. When each side brings its own data, the dispute moves to the data; when the data are joint, the argument can stay on the choices.
Approval turns science into shared text
In the IPCC and IPBES, governments approve summaries for policymakers line by line with the authors. The process is slow, but the approved text becomes a reference that no delegation can easily disown.
Cooperation as a channel
Scientific exchanges, shared facilities and joint expeditions keep contact open when political channels are strained. They carry people, information and trust, and they can be closed by the same politics they are meant to soften.
Access and asymmetry
Funding, instruments, data access and visa regimes are unevenly distributed. Cooperation that leaves one side as data provider and the other as analyst reproduces the asymmetry it claims to bridge, and partners notice.
People and hazards in the Tigris and Euphrates Basin.
Population density, night lights and flood water over the Tigris and Euphrates Basin, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.
Layers 3
People and hazards, for this page
About this layer
- Evidence
- Estimated
- Source
- Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
- Provider
- NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- Vintage
- null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
- Resolution
- about 1 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed
- Source
- VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds leave gaps)
- Source
- VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)
- Source
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed
- Source
- VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite image
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)
- Source
- MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA LP DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes
- Newest at build
- 2024-01-01
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
Keyboard, with the map focused
Hold Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll to zoom
Latest available
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Loading the latest NASA imagery.
Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.
People and hazards, framed on the Tigris and Euphrates Basin.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · U.S. Geological SurveySources and licences
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
- Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
- © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
- Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
- Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
- Context: CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, and NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010; Seto, Guneralp and Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030; Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013.
- Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Optional layers (5 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.
Layers and dates
- Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
- Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
- Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
- Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
- True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
- Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
What is measured, and how well.
Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.
| Indicator | Unit | Cadence | Source type | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International co-authorship in shared-risk fields | share of publications with authors in two or more countries | annual | Bibliometric records | OBSERVED |
| Bilateral science and technology agreements in force | count of agreements | continuous | Foreign ministry treaty records | Published statistics |
| Government-approved assessment summaries | count per assessment cycle | per cycle | IPCC and IPBES session reports | Published statistics |
| Membership of shared research infrastructures | member and associate states | annual | Infrastructure governance records | Published statistics |
| Joint monitoring programmes with shared data | count of programmes | annual | Programme and secretariat records | REPORTED |
| Delegations with scientific advisers at assessment sessions | share of delegations | per session | Lists of participants | Published statistics |
| Science advisory function in foreign ministries | presence of a designated function | survey | Ministry statements and surveys | DECLARED |
Negotiation track desk.
The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
Negotiation track desk
Science diplomacy · Shared basin dialogue · Round 5
Track
- Conveneparties
- Fact-findingjoint
- Optionsshared
- Draft textbrackets
- Agreementparties decide
- Implementmonitor
Draft text, articles
| Art. 3 | Data exchange | 0 | Agreed ad ref |
| Art. 5 | Low-flow sharing | 6 | Open |
| Art. 7 | Notification of works | 2 | Open |
| Art. 9 | Dispute avoidance | 5 | Not discussed |
Facilitator note
- Next round
- week 9
- Format
- closed, non-attribution
- Decision
- parties only
- GRF role
- convenes, records
Where the evidence comes from.
Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.
| Source | What it gives | Licence class |
|---|---|---|
| OpenAlex | Open bibliographic records for tracing international co-authorship and institutional links | CC0 public domain dedication |
| IPCC and IPBES session records | Approval session reports, government review comments and approved summaries | Free to read, terms per body |
| UNESCO Institute for Statistics | National research and development spending and researcher counts | Open, CC BY-SA IGO |
| UNESCO Science Report | Regional and national reviews of science policy and cooperation | Open access, CC BY-SA IGO |
| International Science Council records | Member unions, programmes and science input to multilateral processes | Free to read, terms per publication |
| Arctic Council open access repository | The Arctic scientific cooperation agreement and working group outputs | Free to read, repository terms |
Compare instruments: rules, incentives and information.
Three families of instruments side by side against the baseline, each with its own lag and adoption speed, under the coverage and compliance you set; effect sizes are teaching values to replace with evidence. Scenario: named assumptions about the future, not a forecast. The map on this page shows The Tigris and Euphrates Basin; the model itself is not tied to a place.
Controls
- Baseline trend of the outcome
- 2.0% a year
- Coverage of the instrument
- 70%
- Compliance
- 75%
- Effect size, against the teaching value
- 100%
- Years ahead
- 20 years
Readouts
- Largest reduction at the horizon
- Regulation
- Its reduction against the baseline
- 21%
Numbers, methods and sources
| Year | Baseline | Regulation | Economic incentive | Information and capacity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 98.8 | 99.1 |
| 1 | 102.0 | 101.2 | 100.1 | 99.8 |
| 2 | 104.0 | 102.5 | 101.1 | 99.9 |
| 3 | 106.1 | 103.5 | 101.6 | 100.0 |
| 4 | 108.2 | 103.7 | 101.8 | 100.7 |
| 5 | 110.4 | 103.2 | 101.7 | 102.1 |
| 6 | 112.6 | 102.0 | 101.6 | 103.9 |
| 7 | 114.9 | 100.4 | 101.6 | 105.9 |
| 8 | 117.2 | 99.2 | 102.1 | 108.0 |
| 9 | 119.5 | 98.6 | 102.9 | 110.1 |
| 10 | 121.9 | 98.9 | 104.2 | 112.3 |
| 11 | 124.3 | 99.7 | 105.7 | 114.5 |
| 12 | 126.8 | 101.1 | 107.4 | 116.8 |
| 13 | 129.4 | 102.7 | 109.4 | 119.2 |
| 14 | 131.9 | 104.5 | 111.4 | 121.6 |
| 15 | 134.6 | 106.5 | 113.5 | 124.0 |
| 16 | 137.3 | 108.5 | 115.7 | 126.5 |
| 17 | 140.0 | 110.7 | 118.0 | 129.0 |
| 18 | 142.8 | 112.9 | 120.4 | 131.6 |
| 19 | 145.7 | 115.1 | 122.8 | 134.2 |
| 20 | 148.6 | 117.4 | 125.2 | 136.9 |
Methods
- Tools of government Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
- Carrots, sticks and sermons Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
- Diffusion of innovations Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
- Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
Data
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- Borders Natural Earth
- Cities Natural Earth
Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium
- Experiments Labs
- Built in Diplomacy Nexus in Foundry
- Tested at Diplomacy Nexus in Universe
- Codified in Foundations and Governance in Standards
- Published in Diplomacy Nexus in Reports
- Taught in Faculty of Governance, Policy and International Affairs in Academy
Who decides, and what the evidence serves.
Diplomacy Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| Who decides | The question | Evidence this page serves |
|---|---|---|
| Foreign ministries and their science advisers | Which scientific channels to open or protect when political relations are strained | Records of existing cooperation, its partners and its dependence on political consent |
| Heads of delegation at intergovernmental assessments | Whether to approve a summary text, and what to ask the authors to change | The underlying assessment chapters, the approval rules and the record of earlier sessions |
| Research funders and national academies | Which joint programmes to fund and on what terms of access, authorship and data | Co-authorship and access patterns, data-sharing terms used in comparable programmes |
| Basin and regional organisations | Whether to commission joint fact-finding before a negotiation round | Guides to joint fact-finding with the conditions under which it has helped and failed |
Outputs this topic produces
- Science diplomacy guides on joint fact-finding, data agreements and assessment processes
- Records of how shared evidence entered specific negotiations
- Maps of scientific cooperation channels between states in a region
- Templates for joint monitoring and data-sharing terms
From mandate to evaluation, by pillar.
The steps an instrument takes from mandate to evaluation, each with the pillar that runs it, and the decisions that stay with the authority. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Tigris and Euphrates Basin; the model itself is not tied to a place.
- Mandate and problem framing Competent authority (outside the programme)
A competent authority frames the problem and the mandate under its own rules. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009) - Evidence and system model Foundry
The system is modelled with its feedbacks, data and stated limits. OECD (2014), principle 2 - Options appraised with scenarios Foundry
Instruments are compared under scenarios, with uncertainty shown. Hood (1983) - Exercise with stakeholders Universe
The options are tested in an exercise with those who would implement and bear them. OECD (2014), principle 3 - Standard or guidance drafted Nexus Standards
What works is codified as a standard or guidance, open to comment. Nexus Standards process - Decision by the authority Competent authority (outside the programme)
The authority decides, outside the programme, with the evidence on record. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009) - Capacity and training Risk Academy
Those who implement are trained on the decided instrument and its data. Sendai Framework (2015), priority 2 - Monitoring and public report Reports
Indicators are published with sources, limits and corrections. OECD (2014), principle 5 - Evaluation and revision Nexus Standards
Results return to the standard and the model: the cycle closes. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009)
Methods
- Policy cycle Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009), Studying Public Policy, Oxford University Press
- Governance of critical risks OECD (2014), Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
- Layered drawing of directed graphs Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium
- Experiments Labs
- Built in Diplomacy Nexus in Foundry
- Tested at Diplomacy Nexus in Universe
- Codified in Foundations and Governance in Standards
- Published in Diplomacy Nexus in Reports
- Taught in Faculty of Governance, Policy and International Affairs in Academy
What practitioners and scholars ask.
- When does joint scientific work build trust, and when does it simply reflect existing relations?
- How can scientific advice reach international decision-makers without being politicised?
- How are data, samples and credit shared fairly between partners of unequal capacity?
- What role do scientific assessments play in international negotiations?
- How should scientists handle research with security or dual-use implications?
Exercise a cascade in science diplomacy with the people who decide.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Geopolitical and security risk: the hazards it names, the systems and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
Hazards
- Interstate war
- Mass displacement (set off downstream)
- Attacks on critical infrastructure (set off downstream)
- Explosive remnants and landmines (set off downstream)
- Conflict-related environmental damage (set off downstream)
- Trade restriction or embargo (set off downstream)
- Commodity price shock (set off downstream)
- Satellite-navigation disruption (set off downstream)
- Acute food crisis (set off downstream)
- Deliberate destruction of cultural heritage (set off downstream)
- Nuclear facility in an armed conflict (set off downstream)
- Chokepoint blockage (set off downstream)
- Post-disaster traumatic stress (set off downstream)
- Nuclear plant accident (set off downstream)
Systems and couplings
Controls
NS-0Constitution and principlesNS-3Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)NS-9Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)NS-11Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)NRS-P8Security, terrorism and geopolitical riskNRS-H60Hazard family: Supply-chain and flow disruption (NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)NRS-H62Hazard family: Compound and multi-hazard events (NHS-1 sys.compound)NRS-H31Hazard family: Persistent and bioaccumulative substances (NHS-1 poll.persistent)NRS-H41Hazard family: Animal-to-human spillover (NHS-1 health.zoonotic)NRS-H59Hazard family: Economic shocks and governance failure (NHS-1 soc.economic)
Observation
- Geopolitical Risk Index (Caldara and Iacoviello) (listed for reference)
- UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset and Candidate Events (listed for reference)
- GDELT event database and global knowledge graph (listed for reference)
- Worldwide Governance Indicators (listed for reference)
- Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population
Example geography
- The Horn of Africa: 253 hexagonal cells
- Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
- Surface soil moisture (SMAP), NASA GIBS
How science and diplomacy interact.
Scientific cooperation has long continued across political divides, in fields such as polar research, particle physics, seismology and public health. Shared instruments, data and problems create working relationships and a common technical language. These ties can keep channels open, though they rarely change underlying political positions on their own.
International scientific assessments, in which researchers from many countries review and synthesise evidence, give negotiators a shared factual basis. Their authority rests on transparency, breadth of participation and the separation of evidence from policy choice. When that separation weakens, assessments may be seen as partisan.
Capacity is unequal. Researchers in lower-income countries may provide data and local knowledge without equal access to funding, authorship or decisions. Fair partnership practices, including data sovereignty and benefit sharing, are central to legitimate science diplomacy.
Why now: new scientific panels on AI and on chemicals, waste and pollution were established in 2025, and evidence-based exchange across jurisdictions is needed on basins, health and the commons. Diplomacy Nexus convenes that exchange with each source’s authority kept, and holds no diplomatic status.
How science diplomacy is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.
The instruments, mandates, actors and accountability arrangements a policymaker, diplomat or development agency works with, citing the agreements that set them. Structures follow the frameworks named. Any state or progress drawn is illustrative, not a record.
Mandates and agreements over time
The agreements that set mandates and commitments on science diplomacy, from adoption to their current horizon.
- 1992UNFCCC and Convention on Biological DiversityUnited Nations
- 2015Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk ReductionUNDRR
- 20152030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development GoalsUnited Nations
- 2015Paris AgreementUNFCCC
- 2022Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity FrameworkCBD
- 2023First global stocktake under the Paris AgreementUNFCCC
- 2024Pact for the Future and Global Digital CompactUnited Nations
How the platform approaches the subject.
- 01
Comparative case analysis
Studying past scientific collaborations across political divides. Success depends on context, so lessons transfer with care.
- 02
Assessment process review
Examining how international assessments are produced and used, using policy science.
- 03
Partnership principles
Comparing frameworks for fair data sharing, authorship and benefit. Principles differ between fields and countries.
- 04
Structured dialogue
Convening scientists and policy practitioners under agreed rules to examine shared questions.
Dialogue can clarify evidence and positions, but it does not resolve political disagreement. Records state what was discussed, not what was agreed by any government.
How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.
- 01Policy, institutional and decision scienceComparative treaty analysis · Mandate and institutional mapping · Implementation reviewApplied here
- 02Game theory and mechanism designBenefit sharing in a shared basin · Coalitions in climate agreementsApplied here
- 03Ocean and coastal scienceSea-level rise and maritime zones · Shared stocks and fisheries bodiesApplied here
- 04Hydrology and water scienceJoint basin water accounts · Testing allocation rules against droughtApplied here
Questions and answers.
Is science diplomacy neutral?
Why do governments approve scientific summaries?
What is joint fact-finding?
Does Diplomacy Nexus advise governments?
Does science diplomacy make science political?
Can scientists take part in a dialogue in a personal capacity?
Does GRF produce scientific assessments?
Who can join the Science Diplomacy chapter?
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