Appraisal of public investment
Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness methods are applied to public projects with explicit discount rates, shadow prices and risk adjustments, so the basis for selection can be scrutinised.
GRF · Capital Nexus
公共资本决策经济学
Economics and development economics examine how public capital, development finance and fiscal choices affect growth, welfare and distribution. In this field they frame the trade-offs that finance ministries, parliaments and multilateral boards weigh, from the returns to public investment to the incidence of taxes and the indirect costs of shocks.
02申请
What economics and development economics does here.
Economics and development economics study how societies produce, distribute and consume resources and how living standards change. They estimate the costs of shocks and the trade-offs among policy responses. In development finance, sovereign and public finance and financial stability, economic analysis quantifies indirect losses as shocks spread through supply chains and labour markets. It supports prioritising investment in prevention and recovery. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.
Fiscal incidence of policy choices
Taxes, transfers and service use are allocated to households to show who gains and who pays under alternative budget and adjustment paths, with assumptions stated.
Indirect costs of shocks
Input-output and general equilibrium models trace how a disaster or financial crisis spreads through sectors, jobs and revenue, framing the fiscal exposure that resilience finance must cover.
03工具与承诺
How economics for public capital decisions is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.
政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排，并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性，并非记录。
发展成果
The Sustainable Development Goals and targets that outcomes on economics for public capital decisions are reported against.
| 目标 | 目标时限 | 该主题如何关联 |
|---|---|---|
| 目标 1，无贫穷 | 具体目标 1.5，增强贫困和脆弱人群的韧性 | 通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果 |
| 目标 17，促进目标实现的伙伴关系 | 具体目标 17.4，长期债务可持续性 | 通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果 |
| 目标 10，减少不平等 | 具体目标 10.5，金融市场的监管与监测 | 通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果 |
| 目标 16，和平、正义与强大机构 | 具体目标 16.6，有效、负责和透明的机构 | 通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果 |
《仙台框架》（减少灾害风险） · 联合国减少灾害风险办公室《巴黎协定》 · 《联合国气候变化框架公约》《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标 · 联合国《国际卫生条例》 · 世卫组织
04数据
该方法使用的输入。
Datasets and records used by economics and development economics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in 来源登记册.
| 数据 | 角色 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|
| National accounts | Output, investment and sector structure | 已发布统计 |
| Household income and expenditure surveys | Distribution and incidence | 估算 |
| Government finance statistics by function | Spending and revenue composition | 已发布统计 |
| Input-output tables | Sector linkages for shock propagation | 模型估算 |
| Project appraisal documents | Assumptions and appraisal practice | 已声明 |
05流程
流程如何运行。
Process explorer · Process
Economics for public capital decisions: PRISMA 2020 review reporting
10 steps·4 个阶段
流程
Economics for public capital decisions: PRISMA 2020 review reporting
PRISMA 2020 是系统综述的报告指南；各步骤依循其核查清单，而非强制顺序，且没有任何 Nexus 文件采纳它。
01 Plan
- 01注册与协议记录 · 审查团队该指南要求说明注册信息、方案的获取方式以及任何修订。
- 02资格标准记录 · 审查团队该指南要求说明纳入与排除标准以及研究的分组方式。
02 查找与遴选
- 03检索：来源与策略步骤 · 审查团队该指南要求说明信息来源与完整的检索策略。它并不规定使用哪些来源。
- 04研究的遴选步骤 · 审查团队该指南要求说明如何判定研究符合纳入条件，包括有多少名审查人进行筛选。它并不规定审查人数量。
- 05流程图记录流程图显示检索到的记录数量、纳入的研究数量以及排除的理由。
03 分析
- 06数据收集步骤 · 审查团队该指南要求说明如何从报告中收集数据以及寻求了哪些数据项。
- 07偏倚风险步骤 · 审查团队该指南要求说明评估偏倚风险所使用的方法与工具。
- 08综合模型 · 审查团队该指南要求说明效应量指标与综合方法。它并不规定必须进行荟萃分析。
- 09证据的确定性步骤 · 审查团队该指南要求说明评估确定性所用的方法，并按结局报告结果。它并未指定分级量表。
04 报告
- 10审查报告记录该指南帮助作者报告开展综述的原因、所做的工作以及所得的发现。
报告Outline of an externally published reporting guideline, not a Nexus process and not a record of operation. PRISMA 2020 mainly covers reviews of intervention effects. No Nexus page names it. Every programme is at service level R0.
06验证
结果如何核查。
Models are assessed against historical episodes and out-of-sample data. Parameter estimates are compared across studies and identification strategies.
| 核查 | 如何开展 |
|---|---|
| Ex post evaluation | Appraisal assumptions are compared with completed project outcomes where evaluations exist |
| Sensitivity to parameters | Results are reported across plausible discount rates, elasticities and incidence assumptions |
| Cross-method comparison | Partial and general equilibrium estimates of the same shock are compared and differences explained |
Equilibrium models may understate disruption and nonlinear cascades. Informal economies and non-market losses are poorly measured.
08管理责任
由谁维护该方法。
经济发展 stewards economics and development economics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
09已关联
本页在整个联合体中通向何处。
10问题
问题与解答。
What are the limits of economics and development economics in this field?
Equilibrium models may understate disruption and nonlinear cascades. Informal economies and non-market losses are poorly measured.
结果如何核查？
Models are assessed against historical episodes and out-of-sample data. Parameter estimates are compared across studies and identification strategies.
本页面上的数值是真实的吗？
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
该方法还应用于何处？
维持社会运转的各个 规范方法页面 列出应用该方法的每个平台。
报告贡献
从本页贡献证据。
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
全球风险论坛（Global Risks Forum）Capital Nexus金融与保险准备度证据简报
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- 报告全球风险论坛（Global Risks Forum）查看所有贡献方式贡献类型、各自的评审方式、您获得的署名、许可协议，以及绝不接受的内容。
切勿发送个人数据、敏感基础设施细节或您无权分享的任何内容。贡献在使用前会经过审查；发送贡献不赋予署名权或编辑权，赞助也绝不能换取研究结论。
法律
法律文件。
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