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GRF · 灾害与危机治理

业务连续性治理

When a disaster strikes, hospitals, utilities, banks, ports and ministries must keep their essential services running. 业务连续性 governance decides which services are essential, how long they may be interrupted and who answers if they fail. ISO 22301 and sector rules on operational resilience set the frame. This page sets out how continuity governance works and fails, the records that show it, and who holds the decisions.

02问题

Business continuity governance: how the risk develops.

Operator and public coordination. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Essential services are defined

Continuity starts by identifying the services whose interruption would cause harm, and setting tolerances for how long and how much disruption is acceptable. Without that, plans protect 系统 rather than outcomes.

机制

Dependencies hide single points

Services rely on power, telecom, suppliers and staff who may all be affected by the same event. Plans that ignore shared dependencies fail when the backup shares the same weak point.

机制

Boards own continuity

Continuity is a governing body responsibility. Where it sits only with an operational team, investment decisions do not reflect tolerances and gaps surface in an event.

机制

Plans decay untested

Staff change, systems are replaced and suppliers shift. Plans that are not exercised against severe, plausible scenarios lose accuracy without anyone noticing.

03地理

加勒比地区的人口与危害。

Population density, night lights and flood water over the Caribbean, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的人口与危害

关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
分辨率
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;这些数值是指标,不是某一地点的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;不是已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

加勒比地区的人口与危害。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 5 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在打开时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,派生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024

04指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
ISO 22301 certificates issued计数年度ISO Survey of certifications已报告
Essential services with set impact tolerancesshare of identified services年度Self-assessments已声明
Continuity exercises against severe scenarios每年计数年度演练记录已声明
Recovery time achieved against targethoursper incident and per testIncident and test records观测
Critical suppliers with continuity assuranceshare of critical suppliers年度Supplier management records已声明
Public service interruptions after disastersservice hours lost每个事件Regulator and operator reports已报告
05监测

多机构协调看板。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

多机构协调看板

Business continuity governance · National crisis centre · Exercise EX-98

协调演练GRF · 灾害与危机治理

谁牵头什么

警告气象部门民防清除活跃
疏散市政当局警察重叠已分派
避难所社会服务志愿者协会清除活跃
公共信息危机协调员全部差距未分派

演练日志

  1. 09:00STA演练开始
  2. 09:31WRN已发布红色预警
  3. 10:48GAP两个机构发布相互矛盾的建议
  4. 11:00FIX已指定唯一发言人

事后复盘事项

  1. AA-1在法律中指定公共信息负责机构政策负责人67 d
  2. AA-2机构间共享的态势图危机中心45 d
Multi-agency coordination board: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Business continuity governance.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
ISO Survey of management system standard certificationsCounts of certifications by standard and countryFree to read, ISO terms
Basel Committee Principles for Operational ResilienceExpectations for banks’ operational resilience and continuityFree, BIS terms
Sector regulator operational resilience rules and reportsRequirements and supervisory findings for regulated sectors公共记录,条款因监管机构而异
Business Continuity Institute researchSurveys of continuity practice and incidentsFree to read with registration, terms to check
Utility and telecom outage reportsRecorded service interruptions and causes公共记录,条款因监管机构而异
07政策情景

比较文书:规则、激励和信息。

三类文书与基线并列比较,各有其滞后和采纳速度,在你设定的覆盖率和遵守率下运行;效应量是教学数值,应以证据替换。情景:关于未来的明示假设,不是预测。本页地图显示的是加勒比;模型本身不限于某一地点。

控制措施

结果的基线趋势
每年 2.0%
该工具的覆盖范围
70%
合规
75%
效应量,相对于教学取值
100%
未来年数
20 年

读数

期末时点降幅最大
监管
相对基线的降幅
21%
数字、方法与来源
年份基线监管经济激励信息与能力
0100.099.598.899.1
1102.0101.2100.199.8
2104.0102.5101.199.9
3106.1103.5101.6100.0
4108.2103.7101.8100.7
5110.4103.2101.7102.1
6112.6102.0101.6103.9
7114.9100.4101.6105.9
8117.299.2102.1108.0
9119.598.6102.9110.1
10121.998.9104.2112.3
11124.399.7105.7114.5
12126.8101.1107.4116.8
13129.4102.7109.4119.2
14131.9104.5111.4121.6
15134.6106.5113.5124.0
16137.3108.5115.7126.5
17140.0110.7118.0129.0
18142.8112.9120.4131.6
19145.7115.1122.8134.2
20148.6117.4125.2136.9

方法

  1. 政府工具 Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
  2. 胡萝卜、大棒与说教 Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
  3. 创新扩散 Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
  4. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 边界 Natural Earth
  • 城市 Natural Earth
比较政策工具:规则、激励和信息。示意性教学模型:依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:政府工具(Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan);胡萝卜、大棒与说教(Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction);创新扩散(Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press)。
08决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

灾害与危机治理负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Boards and accounting officersWhich services are essential and what disruption is tolerableService mapping practice and comparable tolerances
行业监管机构What continuity and resilience obligations applyComparative rules and supervisory findings
民防主管机构How essential service operators are included in emergency plansDependency maps and exercise records
Procurement and supplier managersWhich suppliers need continuity assuranceSupplier criticality and assurance practice

该主题产生的产出

  • Guide to impact tolerances and how they differ from recovery time objectives
  • Comparative notes on continuity rules across sectors
  • Dialogue briefs on shared dependencies between essential services
  • Questions for boards on continuity oversight
09实施

从授权到评估,按支柱划分。

一项工具从授权到评估所经历的步骤,每一步都标明由哪个支柱执行,以及哪些决定仍由主管当局作出。这是带有说明性取值的教学模型,不是预测。本页地图显示加勒比地区;模型本身并不绑定某个地点。

  1. 授权与问题界定 主管当局(计划之外)
    主管当局依其自身规则界定问题和授权。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009)
  2. 证据与系统模型 Foundry
    对系统及其反馈、数据和已说明的局限进行建模。 OECD (2014),原则 2
  3. 在情景下评估备选方案 Foundry
    在情景下比较各项政策工具,并显示不确定性。 Hood (1983)
  4. 与利益相关方演练 宇宙
    在演练中与将实施和承担这些方案的各方一起检验方案。 OECD(2014),原则 3
  5. 起草标准或指南 Nexus Standards
    行之有效的做法被编纂为标准或指南,并公开征求意见。 Nexus Standards 流程
  6. 由主管当局决定 主管当局(计划之外)
    主管当局在计划之外,依据记录在案的证据作出决定。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009)
  7. 能力与培训 Risk Academy
    负责实施的人员接受关于所决定文书及其数据的培训。 仙台框架(2015),优先事项 2
  8. 监测与公开报告 报告
    指标连同来源、局限和更正一并发布。 OECD(2014),原则 5
  9. 评估与修订 Nexus Standards
    结果反馈至标准和模型:循环闭合。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009)

方法

  1. 政策周期 Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009), Studying Public Policy, Oxford University Press
  2. 关键风险治理 OECD(2014),Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
  3. 有向图的分层绘制 Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
从授权到评估,按支柱划分:所记录的各个步骤及其所属支柱;来源按各步骤所引。
10核心问题

治理专家提出的问题。

When a disaster strikes, people need power, water, telecommunications, fuel, food, payments and health care. The organisations that provide these services must keep operating while their own staff, sites and suppliers are affected. Their continuity plans, and the way those plans fit with public priorities, often decide how long a community goes without essential services.

  • Which functions must continue in a crisis, at what minimum level, and what do they depend on?
  • How do operators’ continuity plans align with public emergency plans and priorities for restoration?
  • How are dependencies between operators, such as telecommunications needing power, managed jointly?
  • What obligations do regulators place on operators, and how is compliance tested?
11孪生与级联模拟器

Exercise a cascade in business continuity governance with the people who decide.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 业务连续性与韧性: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 溃坝
  • 河流洪水 (在下游引发)
  • 山洪 (在下游引发)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 供水短缺(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-K36 领域包概况:关键基础设施(DOMAIN-036)
  • NRS-H107 危害族:数字基础设施集中与单一化(NHS-1 tech.digital-concentration)
  • NRS-H120 危害族:互联系统的结构性脆弱(NHS-1 sys.fragility)
  • NRS-X8 运营韧性与业务连续性
  • NRS-H56 危害类别:冲突造成的伤害(NHS-1 soc.conflict-induced)
  • NRS-H61 危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)

观测

  • NASA Black Marble night-time lights (VNP46) (listed for reference)
  • OpenStreetMap planet and replication (listed for reference)
  • Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters

示例地理范围

  • Europe: 113 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
12机制

安排如何运作。

Continuity governance links internal planning, sector obligations and public coordination.

Internal

Continuity management

Business impact analysis, continuity strategies and plans for loss of staff, sites, 系统 and suppliers.

部门

Regulatory obligations

Many sectors require operators of essential services to plan for continuity and report incidents. Requirements and enforcement vary.

公共

Coordination with authorities

Arrangements for information sharing, priority restoration, fuel and access during emergencies.

Information sharing between operators and authorities is often the weakest link. Operators may be reluctant to share vulnerabilities for commercial or security reasons, while authorities may lack the expertise to use what is shared. Trusted forums with clear rules on confidentiality, and joint exercises that build relationships, are common ways to overcome this.

Why now: resilience duties increasingly fall on operators directly, for example under the European Union’s rules on critical entities (2022), while continuity plans still assume that other services keep running. The platform is designed to convene operators and authorities on shared dependencies and test continuity arrangements together.

13工具与承诺

How business continuity governance is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.

政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。

随时间变化的授权与协定

The agreements that set mandates and commitments on business continuity governance, from adoption to their current horizon.

  1. 2015《仙台减少灾害风险框架》UNDRR
  2. 2015《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标联合国
  3. 2030《2030 年议程》和《仙台框架》的时间跨度联合国
Adoption years of the agreements named; the texts and their bodies are the authority. Chosen from the page’s fields.
《仙台框架》(减少灾害风险) · 联合国减少灾害风险办公室《巴黎协定》 · 《联合国气候变化框架公约》《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标 · 联合国《国际卫生条例》 · 世卫组织
14方法与证据

证据如何构建,及其局限。

  1. 01

    Continuity plan review

    Review of plans and their assumptions. Plans often assume that other services will be available.

  2. 02

    依赖分析

    Mapping of dependencies between operators. Commercial confidentiality can limit sharing.

  3. 03

    Joint exercises

    Exercises involving operators and authorities test whether plans work together.

  4. 04

    Incident analysis

    Review of service disruptions and restoration times after events.

15方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 优化与运筹学预置救灾物资 · 疏散与救援路线规划 · 恢复投资的排序在此应用
  2. 不确定性下的决策分析预警阈值与误报 · 预先商定的行动触发条件在此应用
  3. 政策、制度与决策科学比较应急法律 · 追踪反复出现的发现 · 梳理协调结构在此应用
16问题

问题与解答。

What is an impact tolerance?
The maximum tolerable level of disruption to an important service, such as a maximum outage time, beyond which harm to users or the system becomes intolerable. Several financial regulators use the term.
What does ISO 22301 cover?
Requirements for a business continuity management system: understanding the organisation, setting objectives, planning, exercising and improving continuity arrangements.
Is continuity the same as disaster recovery?
Disaster recovery usually refers to restoring technology systems. Business continuity covers the whole service, including people, premises, suppliers and communication.
Why is business continuity a governance question?
Because essential services are often private, and their continuity decisions affect public safety. Aligning private plans with public priorities requires governance arrangements.
Does the platform audit continuity plans?
No. It convenes dialogue and research and does not assess, audit or certify any organisation.
What is a common weakness in continuity plans?
Assuming that other services, such as power, telecommunications or fuel supply, will remain available. Joint planning reveals these hidden dependencies.
Are small businesses included?
Yes. Small businesses are vital for local recovery and often have the least capacity to plan, so their needs are part of the discussion.
报告贡献

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报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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