GRF · 气候与自然治理
气候风险治理
气候 风险治理 is how an institution assigns ownership of climate risk, sets objectives, takes decisions and answers for them. In government it runs through climate framework laws, independent advisory bodies, carbon budgets and audit. In companies and financial institutions it runs through boards, risk committees and supervisors. This page sets out the mechanisms that make climate risk governance hold or erode, the records that show it, and who holds each decision.
Climate risk governance: how the risk develops.
Risk science translation into governance. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Framework laws set duties
Climate framework laws can fix targets, carbon budgets, reporting duties and independent advisory councils. Where targets lack interim milestones or enforcement, they shift effort to later governments and courts become the route for holding them to account.
Independent review creates pressure
Advisory councils and audit institutions publish progress assessments that ministers must answer. Their influence depends on their mandate, independence, data access and whether governments must respond formally.
Boards own the risk
Climate risk reaches strategy, credit, underwriting and assets. Where no board committee or executive owns it, climate becomes a disclosure exercise and is absent from capital allocation and 风险偏好.
Litigation feeds back
Cases against governments and companies test whether duties are met. Court judgments can require stronger targets or disclosures, and the risk of litigation itself changes how institutions document their decisions.
安第斯地区的气候信号。
来自 NASA GIBS 的安第斯地区日间地表热量、降雨、海洋热浪与人口密度。每个图层都注明其日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 4
本页的气候信号
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 日(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 8 日;卫星 8 日合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-09-14
- 分辨率
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星表面温度,是一项热风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数或高温预警。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
- 提供方
- NASA GES DISC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;近实时卫星估算
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 分辨率
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
关于此图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 分辨率
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 分辨率
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;这些数值是指标,不是某一地点的测量值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 分辨率
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
安第斯地区的气候信号。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA AIRS · 美国地质调查局来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA AIRS. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 空气质量预报,5 天,PM2.5(CAMS,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
- 过去一年的每日气温(ERA5,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 气候变化服务 2026 年信息。
- 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- Optional layers (22 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.
图层与日期
- 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
- 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
- 海面温度距平:GHRSST MUR25,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate framework law in force | yes or no, with legal citation | 变更时 | 立法数据库 | 已发布统计 |
| Independent climate advisory body | existence and statutory basis, categorical | 变更时 | National legislation | 已发布统计 |
| Interim emissions targets in law | count of legally set milestones | 变更时 | 立法数据库 | 已发布统计 |
| Government responses to advisory reports | count and timeliness, days | 年度 | Parliamentary records | 已发布统计 |
| Climate cases filed | count by jurisdiction and type | 年度 | Climate litigation databases | 已报告 |
| Board-level climate oversight disclosed | share of large listed companies | 年度 | Company disclosures | 已声明 |
| Supreme audit institution climate audits | count of published audits | 年度 | Audit institution records | 已发布统计 |
适应计划跟踪器。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
适应计划追踪器
Climate risk governance · National adaptation council · Plan year 3
按部门划分的进展正常的行动
落实差距
| 无干旱分配规则 | 水 | 授权不明 | 流域委员会 |
| 缺少高温计划 | 卫生 | 资金 | 主管部委 |
| 海岸退缩线未执行 | 城市 | 能力 | D 省 |
适应循环
- 评估风险国家
- 计划NAP
- 实施部门
- 监测指标
- 评估学习
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| 气候变化 Laws of the World | Framework laws, targets and institutional arrangements by country | Free to use with attribution, terms to check |
| Sabin Center climate change litigation databases | United States and global climate cases with documents | 免费阅读,条款待核实 |
| National climate advisory council reports | Progress assessments and government responses | 公共记录,条款因机构而异 |
| INTOSAI Working Group on Environmental Auditing records | Environmental and climate audits by supreme audit institutions | 公共记录,条款待核实 |
| IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group III | Assessment of climate governance, institutions and policy instruments | 免费,IPCC 条款 |
| SEC EDGAR and national filing registers | Company governance and climate risk disclosures | Public domain or public records, terms per register |
比较文书:规则、激励和信息。
三类工具在你设定的覆盖率和遵从率下与基线并列比较,每类都有自己的滞后和采用速度;效应大小是教学用数值,应以证据替换。情景:关于未来的具名假设,不是预测。本页地图显示安第斯山脉;模型本身并不绑定某个地点。
控制措施
- 结果的基线趋势
- 每年 2.0%
- 该工具的覆盖范围
- 70%
- 合规
- 75%
- 效应量,相对于教学取值
- 100%
- 未来年数
- 20 年
读数
- 期末时点降幅最大
- 监管
- 相对基线的降幅
- 21%
数字、方法与来源
| 年份 | 基线 | 监管 | 经济激励 | 信息与能力 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 98.8 | 99.1 |
| 1 | 102.0 | 101.2 | 100.1 | 99.8 |
| 2 | 104.0 | 102.5 | 101.1 | 99.9 |
| 3 | 106.1 | 103.5 | 101.6 | 100.0 |
| 4 | 108.2 | 103.7 | 101.8 | 100.7 |
| 5 | 110.4 | 103.2 | 101.7 | 102.1 |
| 6 | 112.6 | 102.0 | 101.6 | 103.9 |
| 7 | 114.9 | 100.4 | 101.6 | 105.9 |
| 8 | 117.2 | 99.2 | 102.1 | 108.0 |
| 9 | 119.5 | 98.6 | 102.9 | 110.1 |
| 10 | 121.9 | 98.9 | 104.2 | 112.3 |
| 11 | 124.3 | 99.7 | 105.7 | 114.5 |
| 12 | 126.8 | 101.1 | 107.4 | 116.8 |
| 13 | 129.4 | 102.7 | 109.4 | 119.2 |
| 14 | 131.9 | 104.5 | 111.4 | 121.6 |
| 15 | 134.6 | 106.5 | 113.5 | 124.0 |
| 16 | 137.3 | 108.5 | 115.7 | 126.5 |
| 17 | 140.0 | 110.7 | 118.0 | 129.0 |
| 18 | 142.8 | 112.9 | 120.4 | 131.6 |
| 19 | 145.7 | 115.1 | 122.8 | 134.2 |
| 20 | 148.6 | 117.4 | 125.2 | 136.9 |
方法
- 政府工具 Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
- 胡萝卜、大棒与说教 Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
- 创新扩散 Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
- 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- 边界 Natural Earth
- 城市 Natural Earth
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
气候与自然治理负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| 立法机构 | Whether to enact or amend a climate framework law, and what duties it sets | Comparative framework designs and the record of independent review |
| Heads of government and cabinets | How climate risk ownership is assigned across ministries | Decision-rights maps and advisory body assessments |
| Company boards and risk committees | Who owns climate risk and how it enters strategy and 风险偏好 | Governance practice in comparable institutions and supervisory expectations |
| 法院 | Whether a public or private duty concerning climate has been breached | Governance records and filings presented by parties; the page serves context only |
该主题产生的产出
- Comparative notes on climate framework laws and advisory councils
- Decision-rights maps for climate risk in public bodies and boards
- Dialogue briefs on what recent climate rulings ask of institutions
- Oversight questions for legislatures, audit committees and supervisors
从授权到评估,按支柱划分。
一项文书从授权到评估所经历的步骤,每一步都标明负责运行的支柱,以及仍由当局作出的决定。这是带有明示说明性数值的教学模型,不是预测。本页地图显示的是安第斯山脉;模型本身不限于某一地点。
- 授权与问题界定 主管当局(计划之外)
主管当局依其自身规则界定问题和授权。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009) - 证据与系统模型 Foundry
对系统及其反馈、数据和已说明的局限进行建模。 OECD (2014),原则 2 - 在情景下评估备选方案 Foundry
在情景下比较各项政策工具,并显示不确定性。 Hood (1983) - 与利益相关方演练 宇宙
在演练中与将实施和承担这些方案的各方一起检验方案。 OECD(2014),原则 3 - 起草标准或指南 Nexus Standards
行之有效的做法被编纂为标准或指南,并公开征求意见。 Nexus Standards 流程 - 由主管当局决定 主管当局(计划之外)
主管当局在计划之外,依据记录在案的证据作出决定。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009) - 能力与培训 Risk Academy
负责实施的人员接受关于所决定文书及其数据的培训。 仙台框架(2015),优先事项 2 - 监测与公开报告 报告
指标连同来源、局限和更正一并发布。 OECD(2014),原则 5 - 评估与修订 Nexus Standards
结果反馈至标准和模型:循环闭合。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009)
方法
- 政策周期 Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009), Studying Public Policy, Oxford University Press
- 关键风险治理 OECD(2014),Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
- 有向图的分层绘制 Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
What experts ask about risk governance.
- How do governments assess climate risk, and how do those assessments reach budget and planning decisions?
- How is 深度不确定性 about future climate handled in rules and standards?
- Who owns each risk, and is that ownership written down?
- How are compound and cascading risks, which cross sectors, governed?
Exercise a cascade in climate risk governance with the people who decide.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候适应与转型风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-10政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-14符合性及与外部标准的对照NRS-X1气候变化风险与适应NRS-T16人工智能代理与自主决策系统风险NRS-H65危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)NRS-I7智能应用:有依据的检索、推理与决策支持NRS-K20领域包规范:气候适应(DOMAIN-020)NRS-K21领域包配置文件:气候减缓碳(DOMAIN-021)
观测
- CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
- ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
- 已制定国家自主贡献、长期战略、国家适应计划和适应信息通报的国家数目
- 根据 仙台框架
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
From science to decision.
Risk arises from the combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Governance can influence all three: land-use planning limits exposure, building codes and 社会保护 reduce vulnerability, and mitigation policy influences long-term hazard. Yet risk assessments are often produced by technical agencies and do not reach the ministries that set budgets.
Uncertainty is a governance problem in itself. Design standards based on historical climate may be inadequate, but future projections come as ranges. Adaptive approaches, which set decision points and triggers for revisiting plans, are one way institutions handle that uncertainty.
Why now: after the first Global Stocktake (2023) countries are submitting a new round of nationally determined contributions, and climate risk is entering budget, planning and supervisory decisions. The platform is designed to compare how governments assign that risk across institutions and to record where responsibility falls between them, with reviewed findings offered to 报告.
How climate risk governance is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.
政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。
随时间变化的授权与协定
The agreements that set mandates and commitments on climate risk governance, from adoption to their current horizon.
- 1992《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》联合国
- 2015《仙台减少灾害风险框架》UNDRR
- 2015《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标联合国
- 2015《巴黎协定》UNFCCC
- 2022昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架CBD
- 2023《巴黎协定》下的首次全球盘点UNFCCC
- 2030《2030 年议程》和《仙台框架》的时间跨度联合国
How risk governance is studied.
- 01
National risk assessment review
Comparing how countries assess and use climate risk, drawing on 气候与大气科学 and policy, institutional and decision science. Methods differ, limiting comparison.
- 02
Risk ownership mapping
Identifying which institutions own each risk and where ownership is missing.
- 03
Adaptive pathways analysis
Examining how institutions set decision points and triggers. Few have been tested over long periods.
- 04
对话
Structured exchanges between scientists and decision-makers through dialogues, recorded with their limits.
问题与解答。
What is a climate framework law?
Why do climate advisory councils matter?
Does the platform follow climate litigation?
What is the difference between risk assessment and risk governance?
How should institutions handle uncertainty?
Does the platform produce risk assessments?
What are cascading risks?
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