GRF · Disaster and Crisis Governance

Disaster and Crisis Governance

Public and private institutional arrangements for crisis readiness, disaster governance and whole-of-society coordination. Disaster and Crisis Governance is an established platform of The Global Risks Forum.

STEM methods
3
Canonical methods this field applies
Topics
8
Subject pages in the field
Counterparts
12
Platforms in shared fields across the network
Report series
2
Reports series it contributes to
02Cycle

How work moves in this field.

A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.

  1. Question Universe National, regional or institutional priority. Question in Disaster and Crisis Governance
  2. Evidence Foundry STEM foundation of the platform. Evidence in Disaster and Crisis Governance
  3. Build Foundry Foundry. Build in Disaster and Crisis Governance
  4. Organise Universe Nexus ecosystem. Organise in Disaster and Crisis Governance
  5. Test Universe Universe (independent site). Test in Disaster and Crisis Governance
  6. Publish Reports Reports. Publish in Disaster and Crisis Governance
  7. Decide Competent authority Competent authorities and institutions, through NXS-RLS. Decide in Disaster and Crisis Governance
  8. Renew Universe Corrections and the next annual agenda. Renew in Disaster and Crisis Governance

Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.

03Monitor

Multi-agency coordination board.

The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.

Multi-agency coordination board

National crisis centre · Exercise EX-90

Coordination exerciseGRF · Disaster and Crisis Governance

Who leads what

WarningMeteorological serviceCivil protectionClearActive
EvacuationMunicipalityPoliceOverlapTasked
ShelterSocial servicesVolunteer societyClearActive
Public informationCrisis coordinatorAllGapUnassigned

Exercise log

  1. 09:00STAExercise start
  2. 09:44WRNRed warning issued
  3. 10:35GAPTwo agencies issue conflicting advice
  4. 11:00FIXSingle spokesperson named

After-action items

  1. AA-1Assign public information lead in lawPolicy owner68 d
  2. AA-2Shared situation picture between agenciesCrisis centre47 d
Multi-agency coordination board: the screen’s structure, terms and states for National crisis centre.Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.
05Policy scenarios

Compare instruments: rules, incentives and information.

Three families of instruments side by side against the baseline, each with its own lag and adoption speed, under the coverage and compliance you set; effect sizes are teaching values to replace with evidence. Scenario: named assumptions about the future, not a forecast. The map on this page shows The Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.

Controls

Baseline trend of the outcome
2.0% a year
Coverage of the instrument
70%
Compliance
75%
Effect size, against the teaching value
100%
Years ahead
20 years

Readouts

Largest reduction at the horizon
Regulation
Its reduction against the baseline
21%
Numbers, methods and sources
YearBaselineRegulationEconomic incentiveInformation and capacity
0100.099.598.899.1
1102.0101.2100.199.8
2104.0102.5101.199.9
3106.1103.5101.6100.0
4108.2103.7101.8100.7
5110.4103.2101.7102.1
6112.6102.0101.6103.9
7114.9100.4101.6105.9
8117.299.2102.1108.0
9119.598.6102.9110.1
10121.998.9104.2112.3
11124.399.7105.7114.5
12126.8101.1107.4116.8
13129.4102.7109.4119.2
14131.9104.5111.4121.6
15134.6106.5113.5124.0
16137.3108.5115.7126.5
17140.0110.7118.0129.0
18142.8112.9120.4131.6
19145.7115.1122.8134.2
20148.6117.4125.2136.9

Methods

  1. Tools of government Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
  2. Carrots, sticks and sermons Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
  3. Diffusion of innovations Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
  4. Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Data

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • Borders Natural Earth
  • Cities Natural Earth
Compare instruments: rules, incentives and information. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Tools of government (Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan); Carrots, sticks and sermons (Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction); Diffusion of innovations (Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press).
06Coverage

The areas of disaster and crisis this platform takes on.

Disaster and Crisis Governance studies how institutions hold authority and act together before, during and after a disaster or crisis: emergency law and mandates, coordination between agencies, early warning, public communication, continuity of services, recovery and the exercises that test them. Its pages set out how crisis governance holds or breaks, the records that show capacity, the methods that test it and the office holders who decide. Global Risks Forum convenes the dialogue; it is not an emergency service and does not direct any response.

Area

Authority and mandates

Emergency legislation, declarations, delegated powers and the limits and review of exceptional authority.

Area

Multi-agency coordination

Incident command, coordination centres, the humanitarian cluster system and the links between civil, military and voluntary actors.

Area

Early warning governance

Who issues warnings, on what authority, through which channels, and who acts on them before an event.

Area

Crisis communication

Public warning and information in a crisis, trusted messengers, rumour management and accessible formats.

Area

Continuity

Business and public service continuity, impact tolerances and the governance of essential services under disruption.

Area

Recovery governance

Recovery authorities, damage assessment, reconstruction standards, finance and the principle of building back better.

Area

Local and community roles

Municipal emergency management, community organisations, volunteers and the resources that reach the local level.

Area

Exercises and learning

Simulation exercises, after-action reviews and the routines that turn lessons identified into lessons applied.

07Implementation

From mandate to evaluation, by pillar.

The steps an instrument takes from mandate to evaluation, each with the pillar that runs it, and the decisions that stay with the authority. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.

  1. Mandate and problem framing Competent authority (outside the programme)
    A competent authority frames the problem and the mandate under its own rules. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009)
  2. Evidence and system model Foundry
    The system is modelled with its feedbacks, data and stated limits. OECD (2014), principle 2
  3. Options appraised with scenarios Foundry
    Instruments are compared under scenarios, with uncertainty shown. Hood (1983)
  4. Exercise with stakeholders Universe
    The options are tested in an exercise with those who would implement and bear them. OECD (2014), principle 3
  5. Standard or guidance drafted Nexus Standards
    What works is codified as a standard or guidance, open to comment. Nexus Standards process
  6. Decision by the authority Competent authority (outside the programme)
    The authority decides, outside the programme, with the evidence on record. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009)
  7. Capacity and training Risk Academy
    Those who implement are trained on the decided instrument and its data. Sendai Framework (2015), priority 2
  8. Monitoring and public report Reports
    Indicators are published with sources, limits and corrections. OECD (2014), principle 5
  9. Evaluation and revision Nexus Standards
    Results return to the standard and the model: the cycle closes. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009)

Methods

  1. Policy cycle Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009), Studying Public Policy, Oxford University Press
  2. Governance of critical risks OECD (2014), Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
  3. Layered drawing of directed graphs Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
From mandate to evaluation, by pillar: the steps as recorded, each with its pillar; sources as cited on each step.
08Overview

What Disaster and Crisis Governance does.

Disaster and crisis governance is the set of laws, mandates and arrangements through which institutions prepare for, respond to and recover from disasters and crises. Global Risks Forum’s platform compares emergency powers, coordination, early warning, communication, continuity, recovery and learning, and names who holds each decision. It is not an emergency service.

Who it serves

Its community

Crisis governance scholars; emergency leaders; public institutions; humanitarian policy experts.

How it works

Its methods

Institutional readiness review; coordination analysis; controlled exercise learning.

What it produces

Its outputs

Crisis governance briefs; coordination exercises; recovery governance cases.

09Twin and cascade simulator

Exercise a cascade in Disaster and Crisis Governance with the people who decide.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Early warning and anticipatory action: the hazards it names, the systems and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

Hazards

  • Ice-jam flood
  • Tropical cyclone
  • Heatwave
  • HIV epidemic
  • Storm surge (set off downstream)
  • Intense rainfall (set off downstream)
  • River flood (set off downstream)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • Dangerous surf (set off downstream)
  • Widespread power outage (set off downstream)
  • Mass displacement (set off downstream)
  • Coastal flood (set off downstream)
  • Extreme fire weather (set off downstream)
  • Wildfire (set off downstream)
  • Heat-driven grid stress (set off downstream)
  • Agricultural drought (set off downstream)
  • Flash drought (set off downstream)
  • Snow drought (set off downstream)

Controls

  • NS-0 Constitution and principles
  • NS-3 Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)
  • NS-9 Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)
  • NS-10 Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)
  • NS-11 Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)
  • NRS-C7 Early warning, triggers and anticipatory action
  • NRS-S9 System profile: NXS-AAP (Anticipatory action and triggers)
  • NRS-H117 Hazard family: Social cohesion and atrocity risk (NHS-1 soc.cohesion)
  • NRS-H83 Hazard family: Health system capacity failure (NHS-1 health.system)
  • NRS-H98 Hazard family: Agentic AI acting at scale (NHS-1 tech.ai-agentic)
  • NRS-H22 Hazard family: Solar-terrestrial storms (NHS-1 space.solar-storm)

Observation

  • NWS API active alerts (CAP 1.2 as GeoJSON) (listed for reference)
  • GloFAS global flood forecasts and reanalysis (listed for reference)
  • ECMWF open data (IFS and AIFS real-time forecasts) (listed for reference)
  • CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)
  • Number of countries that have multi-hazard early warning systems
  • Number of countries that have multi-hazard monitoring and forecasting systems
  • Number of people per 100,000 covered by early warning information through local governments or national dissemination mechanisms
  • Number of countries with accessible, understandable, usable and relevant disaster risk information and assessment

Example geography

  • Southeast Asia: 51 hexagonal cells
  • Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS
  • Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS
  • Surface air temperature, daytime (AIRS), NASA GIBS
  • Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
10The problem

Disasters test institutions as much as infrastructure.

Hazards become disasters when they meet exposed people and assets and institutions that cannot act in time. Many of the worst outcomes in past disasters came from unclear authority, poor coordination and slow decisions rather than from a lack of knowledge about the hazard.

Disaster risk is governed through a dense web of institutions: national disaster management agencies, line ministries, local governments, emergency services, infrastructure operators, humanitarian organisations, businesses and community groups. Each has its own mandate, budget and chain of command. In normal times they work separately. In a major disaster they must act together, quickly and under uncertainty, often while their own staff and systems are affected.

Modern crises rarely respect institutional boundaries. A storm can cut power, flood hospitals, close ports and disrupt telecommunications at once; a pandemic can strain health systems, supply chains, schools and public finances together; a cyber attack can halt services that several agencies depend on. Each of these demands decisions that cross sectors and levels of government, and each exposes gaps where no one has clear authority.

Governance failures cascade. When a warning is issued without a clear decision on evacuation, people stay; when agencies use incompatible information systems, resources are duplicated in one place and absent in another; when recovery funding arrives without accountability, rebuilding recreates the same risks. Strengthening governance means clarifying mandates, rehearsing coordination, communicating in ways people trust and learning honestly after each event.

Why now: the Sendai Framework (2015 to 2030) enters its final years, the UN Early Warnings for All initiative aims at universal coverage by 2027, and compound events keep testing coordination between agencies. The platform is designed to convene the institutions that hold crisis duties, run coordination exercises in Universe with independent evaluation, and feed reviewed after-action findings to the Scenario and Stress-Test series of Reports.

11Risk and response

Coupled risk, applied response.

The sectors a policy on urban flood has to coordinate: a choice in one ministry lands in the others.

Choose a context

ACoupled risk across six sectors6 / 15 relations

Sectors · Urban floodStress

Illustrative: a teaching cascade over teaching values, not measurements.
BApplied response across six pillars11 / 18 handoffs

Pillars · Urban floodKPI

Illustrative applications; the values are published benchmarks, cited in the readout.

In this contextDependence or handoff, heavier is strongerOutside this context

Context

Urban flood

Flooded streets take out substations, pumping stations and clinic access together; drinking water fails when power does.

W · E · I · F · H · B

Risk

Sectors
4 of 6
Relations
6 of 15
Coupling
0.46 share of total

Hover a corner, a line or a row to trace it across both sides.

Route

Applied to urban flood

L · F · U · S · R · A

Response

Pillars
5 of 6
Handoffs
11 of 18
Loops
8 closed

Expected value

What is at stake
$390Ba year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countriesWorld Bank, Lifelines, 2019
Return on resilience
4 : 1benefit to costWorld Bank, Lifelines, 2019
Avoided loss
30%less damage with 24 hours’ warning of a storm or heatwaveGlobal Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019

Hover a pillar, a line or a row to read how it is applied.

A: a teaching cascade (shock 0.6, gain 0.35, four rounds) over teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements. B: illustrative applications and the KPI each pillar answers for; values are published benchmarks, cited, not forecasts. Open events: NASA EONET, live.

12What the platform does

Convening the people who govern crises.

The platform brings evidence and practitioners together so that institutions can examine their arrangements before a crisis tests them.

Readiness review

Institutional arrangements

Structured dialogue on mandates, decision rights and coordination arrangements, drawing on evidence from past events and research.

Coordination analysis

How agencies work together

Examination of how information, resources and authority flow between institutions, and where they stall.

Exercise learning

Controlled exercises

Design and review of governance exercises, with after-action learning shared at a public-safe level.

GRF convenes and governs programmes. It does not regulate, finance, procure or certify, and hosting or sponsorship confers no authority over findings. The Consortium is not an emergency service. In an emergency, follow the instructions of your local authorities and emergency services.

13Instruments and commitments

How Disaster and Crisis Governance is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.

The instruments, mandates, actors and accountability arrangements a policymaker, diplomat or development agency works with, citing the agreements that set them. Structures follow the frameworks named. Any state or progress drawn is illustrative, not a record.

Mandates and agreements over time

The agreements that set mandates and commitments on Disaster and Crisis Governance, from adoption to their current horizon.

  1. 2015Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk ReductionUNDRR
  2. 20152030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development GoalsUnited Nations
  3. 2030Horizon of the 2030 Agenda and the Sendai FrameworkUnited Nations
Adoption years of the agreements named; the texts and their bodies are the authority. Chosen from the page’s fields.

Implementation by country

How a commitment on Disaster and Crisis Governance is traced from adoption to review, country by country.

Country (example)CommitmentNational instrumentBudget lineIndicator reportedReview
Country AIn placeIn placeIn preparationIn preparationNo record
Country BIn placeIn preparationIn preparationNo recordNo record
Country CIn preparationNo recordNo recordNo recordNo record
Commitment traced
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Where states report
national reports to the body that holds the agreement
Read with
the country’s own plan and its review record
Illustrative states for example countries, not records of any country. A tracker shows a state only where a national report supports it.
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction · UNDRRParis Agreement · UNFCCC2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals · United NationsInternational Health Regulations · WHO
14Foundation and counterparts

Science and finance counterparts at the other institutions.

The platform applies decision analysis under uncertainty, policy, institutional and decision science and optimisation and operations research, listed on the platform STEM foundation. It draws on the Foundry systems NXS-NST (civilian common operating picture), NXS-EWS (multi-hazard monitoring and warning), NXS-AAP and NXS-HUB (knowledge, records and learning).

The hazard and engineering science sits at The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), with Disaster Resilience and Recovery, Climate and Hazards, Critical Infrastructure, Cybersecurity and Digital Resilience and Cities and Built Environment. Global Risks Alliance (GRA) builds shared financial-sector understanding of disaster costs at Disaster Risk Finance, Reinsurance and Catastrophe, Public Finance and Sovereign Debt and Development Finance Nexus, without advising on or arranging any transaction. See counterparts across the Consortium.

A multi-agency crisis exercise is the platform’s theme in the Universe programme, which GRF governs, and its learning is designed to feed the Universe Annual Synthesis and the Evidence Brief series of Reports.

15Geography

Hazards now in the Caribbean.

Flood water, population density and active fires over the Caribbean, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

Hazards now, for this page

About this layer
Evidence
Observed (clouds leave gaps)
Source
VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)
Provider
NASA LANCE
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps
Newest at build
2026-10-14
Resolution
about 250 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Estimated
Source
Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
Provider
NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Vintage
null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
Resolution
about 1 km grid
Uncertainty
Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)
Source
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)
Provider
NASA LANCE FIRMS
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps
Newest at build
2026-10-13
Resolution
about 500 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Estimated
Source
GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)
Provider
NASA GES DISC
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
daily; Satellite estimate, near real time
Newest at build
2026-10-12
Resolution
about 2 km grid
Uncertainty
Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Observed
Source
VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
Provider
NASA LAADS DAAC
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere
Newest at build
2026-10-12
Resolution
about 500 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Observed
Source
VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)
Provider
NASA LANCE
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
daily; Satellite image
Newest at build
2026-10-14
Resolution
about 250 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

Hazards now, framed on the Caribbean.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · U.S. Geological Survey · NASA GPM IMERG EarlySources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
  • Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
  • Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
  • Live: NASA GPM IMERG Early. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.
  • Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Optional layers (20 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
  • Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 Oct 2026
  • Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
  • True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026

16Grounding

Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

Every claim on Disaster and Crisis Governance rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.

Decision analysis under uncertaintyPolicy, institutional and decision scienceOptimisation and operations research

See the STEM foundation of Disaster and Crisis Governance

17Six pillars

How this works across the six pillars.

Disaster and Crisis Governance works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in Labs, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in Nexus Standards, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.

Select pillars · hover lines18 / 18 handoffs

Route

The whole programme

Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year’s feedback loops.

L · F · U · S · R · A

Pillars
6 of 6
Handoffs
18 of 18
Loops
17 closed

Handoffs in play

  • F01Universe → Foundry · Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision caseReadiness preparation
  • F02Foundry → Universe · Core Build Report and go or no-go evidenceControlled build
  • F03Foundry → Reports · Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profileCloseout
  • F04Universe → Reports · After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13After-action review

and 14 more

F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.
  1. LabsWhere questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.Labs
  2. FoundryWhere the evidence behind a mandate or commitment is built, with its owner and limits on record.Disaster and Crisis Governance in FoundryFoundry
  3. UniverseWhere mandates become missions: GRF records each gate, convenes the parties and keeps implementation accountable.Disaster and Crisis Governance in Universeuniverse.nexus
  4. Nexus StandardsWhere shared rules are agreed in the open; each jurisdiction decides adoption, and no global body holds a veto.Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction in Standardsnexustandards.com
  5. ReportsWhere governance analysis and the year’s results are published, so commitments can be followed and checked.Disaster and Crisis Governance in ReportsReports
  6. Risk AcademyWhere policymakers, diplomats and agency staff learn the programme roles and decision-making on the record, on Risk Academy.Faculty of Hazards, Disasters and Resilience in Academyrisksacademy.com
18Frameworks

What the work is read against.

The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.

Framework or standardBodyWhat it sets
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk ReductionUnited Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)Four priorities and seven global targets, including strengthening disaster risk governance and enhancing preparedness for effective response and to build back better
Early Warnings for All initiativeUN Secretary-General, led by WMO and UNDRR with ITU and IFRCFour pillars of people-centred early warning: risk knowledge, detection and forecasting, warning dissemination, and preparedness to respond
International Health RegulationsWorld Health Organization (WHO)Binding obligations to detect, assess, notify and respond to public health events, including core capacities for emergencies
ISO 22301 Business continuity management systemsInternational Organization for StandardizationRequirements for planning, operating and improving a business continuity management system
ISO 22320 Emergency management, guidelines for incident managementInternational Organization for StandardizationPrinciples for command, coordination, cooperation and information in incident response
Common Alerting Protocol (CAP)OASIS, adopted as ITU-T Recommendation X.1303A standard format for exchanging public warnings across systems and channels
INSARAG GuidelinesInternational Search and Rescue Advisory Group, UN OCHAStandards and coordination methodology for international urban search and rescue teams
IASC cluster approach and humanitarian system-wide scale-up protocolsInter-Agency Standing CommitteeLead agencies and coordination arrangements for humanitarian response by sector
OECD Recommendation on the Governance of Critical RisksOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPrinciples for whole-of-society risk governance, from anticipation to recovery
21Connected

Where this page leads across the Consortium.

22Questions

Questions and answers.

Who publishes Disaster and Crisis Governance?
The Global Risks Forum (GRF) publishes Disaster and Crisis Governance and is responsible for what it publishes. GRF convenes and governs programmes. It does not regulate, finance, procure or certify, and hosting or sponsorship confers no authority over findings.
Is Disaster and Crisis Governance active?
Disaster and Crisis Governance is an established platform of The Global Risks Forum. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
How can I contribute?
Start with the participation paths or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.
Where are findings published?
Reviewed outputs appear on the publications page, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.
Which values on this platform are real?
Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.
How do I report an error?
Use corrections and concerns, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.
Does the platform coordinate disaster response?
No. Response is led by competent authorities and emergency services. The platform convenes dialogue and learning before and after crises. The Consortium is not an emergency service. In an emergency, follow the instructions of your local authorities and emergency services.
Who is the platform for?
Crisis governance scholars, emergency managers and leaders, public institutions at national and local level, infrastructure operators, humanitarian policy experts and community organisations.
ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Global Risks ForumDisaster and Crisis GovernanceUniverse Annual SynthesisEvidence Brief
How it works

How Disaster and Crisis Governance works.

Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform’s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.

Disaster and Crisis Governance

How Disaster and Crisis Governance works

Platforms · Programme year · Standards · Reports

A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.

  1. 01 Scope

    1. 01Field and familiesStart · The platform leadThe home states the field, its families and who it serves.
    2. 02Topic dossiersRecord · Platform authorsTopics explain the subject with labelled evidence.
  2. 02 Evidence

    1. 03Evidence labelsRecord · GCRIEach value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.
    2. 04MethodsStep · Method ownersMethods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.
  3. 03 Work

    1. 05Scenarios on the systemsModel · Foundry pillarScenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.
    2. 06Standards that applyRecord · Nexus StandardsThe platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.
  4. 04 Publish

    1. 07EditionsRecord · ReportsFindings are published through Reports with their limits.
    2. 08Authority decidesOutcome · The competent authorityDecisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.

Disaster and Crisis Governance home · Platforms · Shared methodsAn outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.

Take part

Take part in Disaster and Crisis Governance.

Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Disaster and Crisis Governance platform.

Route

National institutions

Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. National chapters

Route

Sectors and professions

Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Disaster and Crisis Governance. Participate

Route

Learning

Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. Open learning

Route

Standards

Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. Working groups

Route

Communities and research

Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. Write to the team

The Global Risks Index

Every figure on this page is indexed: hazards, infrastructure, society, The Caribbean.

The Index is the Consortium’s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its Nexus Standards identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.

  1. 01 · Sources205 registered sourcesEvery value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.Data and licences
  2. 02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 and NHS-1451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.Nexus Standards
  3. 03 · The Index54 series, 195 country profilesComputed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.The Global Risks Index
  4. 04 · This pageDisaster and Crisis GovernanceMaps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of hazards, infrastructure, society and The Caribbean.Public API
Sources205registered, each with its licence
Indicators451NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices
Hazards905NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs
Series54global, sector, strategic, technology, thematic
Country profiles195one site per country

Series in this context hazards, infrastructure, society

  1. GSGlobal DisasterMulti-hazard exposure, disaster losses and mortality, return-period losses, protection gaps and coping capacity.NXS-GRX-AR-000066Hazards · Crisis · Infrastructure
  2. THDisaster Risk Reduction (DRR)Hazard, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, preparedness, redundancy and recovery readings for planning and learning, aligned to the Sendai Framework targets.NXS-GRX-AR-000109Hazards · Crisis · Infrastructure
  3. GLBGlobal SystemsThe state of interdependent global risk: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap…NXS-GRX-AR-000002Hazards · Society · Infrastructure
  4. GSGlobal CitiesUrban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000068Hazards · Infrastructure · Society

All 54 series · The 20 domain indices

Hazard domains NHS-1

Geodata and API open

Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km² or as symbols: People · GHSL 2025People · WorldPop 2025Built-up areaPortsAirportsRoadsRailwaysRivers and lake centrelines

/api/v1/public/grix · https://nexustandards.com/uni/{uni}
Developers · Data · Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0

Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 · 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.

Disaster and Crisis Governance

Bring a governance question to the Forum.

Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.

The Global Risks Forum

Convening · leadership · urgency

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Articles: CC BY 4.0. Figures, maps, twins and data: CC BY 4.0. Other uses: ask through the permissions form.