GRF · 气候与自然治理
流域治理
Rivers cross administrative and national borders, so their water is shared between farms, cities, industry, ecosystems and countries. River basin governance sets who may take how much, who decides in drought, and how disputes are settled. This page sets out how basin institutions and treaties work and where they fail, the records that show cooperation, and the office holders who decide allocation and investment.
River basin governance in seven parts.
River basin governance: how the risk develops.
Shared waters and transboundary mechanisms. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Allocation lags variability
Water rights and treaty shares are often fixed volumes set in wetter decades. When flows fall, fixed shares cannot all be met and the burden falls on whoever holds the most junior or least enforceable claim.
Joint bodies need mandates
Basin commissions coordinate data, planning and operations. Their effect depends on whether members grant them authority, funding and data, or keep them as forums without decision power.
Upstream decisions travel downstream
Dams, abstraction and pollution upstream change flow timing, quantity and quality downstream. Without prior notification and joint assessment, one country’s project becomes another’s shock.
Data asymmetry breeds distrust
When one party holds flow and storage data and others do not, every allocation is contested. Shared monitoring and data exchange are often the first agreements basin parties reach.
安第斯地区当前水情。
Flood water, rain, night lights and population density over the Andes, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 4
本页面的当前水情
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 分辨率
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;这些数值是指标,不是某一地点的测量值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
- 提供方
- NASA GES DISC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;近实时卫星估算
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 分辨率
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 分辨率
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 分辨率
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 模型化
- 来源
- SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA NSIDC DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;同化了卫星数据的模型
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-11
- 分辨率
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 同化了卫星数据的模型。按提供方发布形式呈现的卫星或模型栅格。云层、扫描带间隙和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值为指示值,而非某一地点的实测值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 分辨率
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;不是已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
安第斯地区当前水情。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA GPM IMERG Early · 美国地质调查局来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- SMAP Level 4 土壤湿度和雪量,NASA 全球建模与同化办公室;由 NASA 国家冰雪数据中心 DAAC 分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Live: NASA GPM IMERG Early. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
- 过去一年的每日气温(ERA5,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 气候变化服务 2026 年信息。
- 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 14 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 根区土壤湿度,0 至 100 cm:SMAP Level 4,NASA NSIDC DAAC · 2026年10月11日
- 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement | percent of transboundary basin area | 三年一次 | SDG indicator 6.5.2 reporting | 已发布统计 |
| Degree of integrated water resources management implementation | score, zero to one hundred | 三年一次 | SDG indicator 6.5.1 survey | 已声明 |
| Water stress level | freshwater withdrawal as a percent of available resources | 年度 | FAO AQUASTAT, SDG indicator 6.4.2 | 估算 |
| Treaties and agreements in force per basin | 计数 | 变更时 | Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database | 已发布统计 |
| Data exchange provisions in basin agreements | present or absent, by type | 变更时 | Treaty texts | 已发布统计 |
| Recorded water cooperation and conflict events | count by intensity scale | 定期 | Event databases | 已报告 |
流域与土地治理。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
流域与土地治理
River basin governance · Basin commission · Session 3
流域辖区
示意性地理范围
工具
| 水资源分享协定 | 3 | 现行有效 |
| 湿地保护规程 | 4 | 已签署,未批准 |
| 数据附件 | 2 | 草案 |
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| UN-Water SDG 6 data portal | Reported values for indicators 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 by country | 公开,联合国条款 |
| Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database | International freshwater treaties, basin organisations and event data | Free for research use, terms to check |
| FAO AQUASTAT | Water resources, withdrawals and use by country | Free, FAO terms (CC BY 4.0, to check) |
| UNECE Water Convention reports | Implementation reports and guidance for transboundary cooperation | Public records, UNECE terms |
| Basin commission records | Agreements, procedures, joint monitoring and annual reports | Public records, terms per commission |
| GRDC river discharge data | Observed discharge from gauging stations worldwide | Free under GRDC data policy |
比较文书:规则、激励和信息。
三类工具在你设定的覆盖率和遵从率下与基线并列比较,每类都有自己的滞后和采用速度;效应大小是教学用数值,应以证据替换。情景:关于未来的具名假设,不是预测。本页地图显示安第斯山脉;模型本身并不绑定某个地点。
控制措施
- 结果的基线趋势
- 每年 2.0%
- 该工具的覆盖范围
- 70%
- 合规
- 75%
- 效应量,相对于教学取值
- 100%
- 未来年数
- 20 年
读数
- 期末时点降幅最大
- 防御设施与蓄水
- 相对基线的降幅
- 24%
数字、方法与来源
| 年份 | 基线 | 防御设施与蓄水 | 土地利用规则 | 预警与备灾 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 100.0 | 99.7 | 98.9 | 98.7 |
| 1 | 102.0 | 101.5 | 100.4 | 98.7 |
| 2 | 104.0 | 103.1 | 101.8 | 97.5 |
| 3 | 106.1 | 104.4 | 102.8 | 96.8 |
| 4 | 108.2 | 105.2 | 103.6 | 97.5 |
| 5 | 110.4 | 105.2 | 104.1 | 99.0 |
| 6 | 112.6 | 104.4 | 104.3 | 100.9 |
| 7 | 114.9 | 102.7 | 104.3 | 102.8 |
| 8 | 117.2 | 100.6 | 104.3 | 104.9 |
| 9 | 119.5 | 98.9 | 104.4 | 107.0 |
| 10 | 121.9 | 97.9 | 104.7 | 109.1 |
| 11 | 124.3 | 97.9 | 105.3 | 111.3 |
| 12 | 126.8 | 98.6 | 106.3 | 113.5 |
| 13 | 129.4 | 99.8 | 107.6 | 115.8 |
| 14 | 131.9 | 101.3 | 109.1 | 118.1 |
| 15 | 134.6 | 103.1 | 110.8 | 120.5 |
| 16 | 137.3 | 105.0 | 112.7 | 122.9 |
| 17 | 140.0 | 107.0 | 114.8 | 125.3 |
| 18 | 142.8 | 109.1 | 116.9 | 127.8 |
| 19 | 145.7 | 111.3 | 119.1 | 130.4 |
| 20 | 148.6 | 113.5 | 121.4 | 133.0 |
方法
- 政府工具 Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
- 胡萝卜、大棒与说教 Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
- 创新扩散 Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
- 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- 边界 Natural Earth
- 城市 Natural Earth
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
气候与自然治理负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Riparian governments and foreign ministries | Whether to negotiate, amend or implement a basin agreement | Treaty comparisons, hydrological evidence and cooperation records |
| Basin commissions | How to coordinate data, operations and drought response | Shared monitoring data and procedures from comparable basins |
| Water ministries and regulators | How to allocate water between users in scarcity | Allocation rules, flow records and user needs, with sources |
| Development banks financing basin infrastructure | Whether a project meets notification and safeguard requirements | Agreement provisions and assessment records; the bank’s own policies decide |
该主题产生的产出
- Comparative notes on basin agreements, mandates and data exchange
- Dialogue briefs on allocation rules under changing flow regimes
- Guide to SDG 6.5 indicators and what they do and do not show
- Questions for basin commissions on drought procedures
从预报到早期行动,按支柱划分。
The chain from an impact model to an evaluated early action, each step with the pillar that runs it, and the decisions that stay with the authorities. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Andes; the model itself is not tied to a place.
- 风险与影响模型 Foundry
影响阈值根据危害、风险暴露与脆弱性设定。 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015) - 商定触发条件与规程 Nexus Standards
预先写明触发行动的预报概率与提前期。 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015) - 预先安排的资金 主管当局(计划之外)
资金持有方在事件发生前作出承诺。 WMO (2022) - 模拟演练 宇宙
在需要之前对规程进行端到端演练。 WMO (2022) - 预报越过触发条件 Foundry
对照触发条件解读预报;采取行动的决定被记录在案。 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015) - 早期行动 主管当局(计划之外)
响应人员依据各自职责在影响发生前的窗口期内采取行动。 WMO (2022) - 响应人员培训 Risk Academy
响应人员学习规程及其局限。 WMO (2022) - 评估结果发布 报告
公布触发了什么、采取了什么行动以及避免了什么。 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015)
方法
- 基于预报的融资 Coughlan de Perez 等(2015),NHESS 15
- 全民早期预警 WMO (2022),《执行行动计划 2023–2027》
- 有向图的分层绘制 Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
治理专家提出的问题。
- What agreements govern the basin, and do they cover all riparian states and uses?
- Do basin organisations have the mandate, data and resources to do their work?
- How do allocation rules respond when flows change with climate?
- How are disputes prevented and resolved?
Exercise a cascade in River basin governance with the people who decide.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候适应与转型风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-10政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-14符合性及与外部标准的对照NRS-X1气候变化风险与适应NRS-T16人工智能代理与自主决策系统风险NRS-H65危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)NRS-I7智能应用:有依据的检索、推理与决策支持NRS-K20领域包规范:气候适应(DOMAIN-020)NRS-K21领域包配置文件:气候减缓碳(DOMAIN-021)
观测
- CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
- ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
- 已制定国家自主贡献、长期战略、国家适应计划和适应信息通报的国家数目
- 根据 仙台框架
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
Cooperation and its conditions.
International water law rests on principles such as equitable and reasonable utilisation, the obligation not to cause significant harm and the duty to cooperate and exchange information, reflected in instruments such as the UN Watercourses Convention and the UNECE Water Convention. Many basins are governed by specific treaties, though some shared rivers and most shared aquifers have no agreement covering all riparian states.
Agreements that allocate fixed volumes based on historical flows are vulnerable when 气候变化 alters supply. Agreements that include data sharing, joint bodies, flexible allocation and dispute mechanisms tend to prove more resilient. Power asymmetries between upstream and downstream states shape outcomes.
Why now: drought years strain basin agreements written for average flows, and allocation rules for several major rivers are being renegotiated. The platform is designed to convene upstream and downstream authorities, utilities and communities, exercise a drought allocation in 宇宙, and offer reviewed findings to the Regional 系统 series of 报告.
Who a decision on river basin governance reaches.
The sectors a policy on river basin governance has to coordinate: a choice in one ministry lands in the others.
签名
水及其合作伙伴
水为粮食提供灌溉(0.8),为能源提供冷却水和水电(0.6),为生物多样性提供环境流量(0.6)。
W · E · I · F · H · B
- 部门
- 4 共 6
- 关系
- 6 共 15
- 耦合
- 0.43 占总量份额
当前最强的关系
- 粮食 → 生物多样性 · 土地转换0.6
- 水 → 能源 · 冷却水与水电0.6
- 水 → 粮食 · 灌溉0.8
- 水 → 生物多样性 · 生态流量0.6
How basin institutions are studied.
- 01
Treaty analysis
Comparing provisions on allocation, data, flexibility and disputes, using 政策、制度与决策科学.
- 02
Institutional capacity review
Assessing basin organisations’ mandates, funding and technical capacity.
- 03
Hydro-political analysis
Relating institutional arrangements to hydrological change, using hydrology and water science. Causal claims need care.
- 04
对话
Convening basin actors through dialogues, without taking positions.
How River basin governance is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.
政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。
随时间变化的授权与协定
The agreements that set mandates and commitments on river basin governance, from adoption to their current horizon.
- 1992《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》联合国
- 2015《仙台减少灾害风险框架》UNDRR
- 2015《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标联合国
- 2015《巴黎协定》UNFCCC
- 2022昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架CBD
- 2023《巴黎协定》下的首次全球盘点UNFCCC
- 2030《2030 年议程》和《仙台框架》的时间跨度联合国
问题与解答。
What is a river basin organisation?
What does SDG indicator 6.5.2 measure?
Which treaties govern shared rivers?
Does GRF mediate water disputes?
What makes basin agreements resilient to climate change?
Are shared aquifers governed like rivers?
How does this topic relate to the chapter?
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