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GRF · 气候与自然治理

落实差距

Commitments on climate and nature are made in targets, plans and pledges; delivery is measured in emissions, hectares, budgets and built works. The gap between them has causes that can be traced: unfunded mandates, missing data, weak coordination, changing priorities and the absence of review. This page sets out how implementation gaps open and persist, the records that show them, and the institutions that decide whether they close.

01登记

Implementation gaps on the record.

02问题

Implementation gaps: how the risk develops.

From strategy to monitored institutional practice. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Targets without budgets

Pledges are made by heads of government; budgets are set by finance ministries and legislatures each year. Where commitments are not costed and tied to budget lines, they compete with every other spending claim and usually lose.

机制

Measurement arrives late

Emissions inventories, forest data and adaptation outcomes are published with delays. Institutions find out they are off track years after the decisions that put them there.

机制

Coordination fails across levels

National targets depend on regional and local action, state enterprises and private investment. Without agreed responsibilities and data flows, each level assumes another is delivering.

机制

Review lacks consequence

International review under the 《巴黎协定》 is facilitative and non-punitive. Domestic review by parliaments, audit institutions and courts decides whether a gap has consequences.

03地理

安第斯地区的气候信号。

来自 NASA GIBS 的安第斯地区日间地表热量、降雨、海洋热浪与人口密度。每个图层都注明其日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 4

本页的气候信号

关于此图层
证据
观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 日(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
8 日;卫星 8 日合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-09-14
分辨率
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星表面温度,是一项热风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数或高温预警。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
提供方
NASA GES DISC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;近实时卫星估算
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR25(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
对所示日期海温偏离常年值幅度的卫星分析;是海洋热浪指标,并非 珊瑚白化 警报。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
分辨率
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

安第斯地区的气候信号。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA AIRS · 美国地质调查局来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA AIRS. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 空气质量预报,5 天,PM2.5(CAMS,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
  • 过去一年的每日气温(ERA5,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 气候变化服务 2026 年信息。
  • 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • Optional layers (22 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

图层与日期

  • 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
  • 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
  • 海面温度距平:GHRSST MUR25,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024

04指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Gap between projected emissions and targettonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent年度National projections and assessments模型估算
Greenhouse gas inventory latencyyears between inventory year and publication年度UNFCCC submissions已发布统计
Climate measures with costed implementation plansshare of measures审查时National plans and budget documents已声明
Budget execution rate for climate-tagged spendingpercent of allocation spent年度预算执行报告已报告
Recommendations of review bodies implementedshare of recommendations年度Advisory council and audit follow-up reports已报告
Global biodiversity framework targets with national indicators reportedcount of targetson reporting cycleCBD national reports已发布统计
05监测

适应计划跟踪器。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

适应计划追踪器

Implementation gaps · National adaptation council · Plan year 5

水务部门进度滞后GRF · 气候与自然治理

按部门划分的进展正常的行动

水,%55 of 70 required农业,%45 of 70 required卫生,%51 of 70 required城市,%51 of 70 required

落实差距

无干旱分配规则水授权不明流域委员会
缺少高温计划卫生资金主管部委
海岸退缩线未执行城市能力D 省

适应循环

  1. 评估风险国家
  2. 计划NAP
  3. 实施部门
  4. 监测指标
  5. 评估学习
Adaptation plan tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Implementation gaps.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
UNEP Emissions Gap ReportAssessment of the gap between pledged and required emissions reductionsFree to read, UNEP terms
UNFCCC greenhouse gas inventory and biennial transparency report submissionsNational emissions inventories and progress reportsPublic records, UNFCCC terms
Global stocktake synthesis reportsCollective progress assessment under the 《巴黎协定》Public records, UNFCCC terms
Climate Action TrackerIndependent assessment of national targets and policies免费阅读,条款待核实
Supreme audit institution performance auditsAudits of climate and environment programmesPublic records, terms per institution
CBD online reporting toolNational reports against the global biodiversity frameworkPublic records, CBD terms
07孪生与级联模拟器

Exercise a cascade in implementation gaps with the people who decide.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候适应与转型风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 海平面上升
  • 热浪
  • 风暴
  • 山洪
  • 气象干旱
  • 地下水枯竭
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 大规模森林干扰(在下游引发)
  • 野火 (在下游引发)
  • 极端火险天气(在下游引发)
  • 高温导致的电网压力(在下游引发)
  • 农业干旱(在下游引发)
  • 骤发干旱(在下游引发)
  • 积雪干旱(在下游引发)
  • 近地面臭氧事件(在下游引发)
  • 泥石流(在下游引发)
  • 水文干旱(在下游引发)
  • 泥炭与地下火(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-X1 气候变化风险与适应
  • NRS-T16 人工智能代理与自主决策系统风险
  • NRS-H65 危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-I7 智能应用:有依据的检索、推理与决策支持
  • NRS-K20 领域包规范:气候适应(DOMAIN-020)
  • NRS-K21 领域包配置文件:气候减缓碳(DOMAIN-021)

观测

  • CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
  • 已制定国家自主贡献、长期战略、国家适应计划和适应信息通报的国家数目
  • 根据 仙台框架

示例地理范围

  • 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
08决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

气候与自然治理负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Finance ministries and legislaturesWhether commitments are costed and funded in the budgetCosting records, budget tagging and execution data
Climate advisory councils and audit institutionsWhich gaps to assess and what to recommendTargets, projections and delivery records, labelled by source
Line ministries and state enterprisesHow to deliver assigned measures and report progressImplementation plans and comparable delivery records
Parties to the 《巴黎协定》 and the CBDHow collective progress is reviewed and acted onSynthesis reports and national submissions

该主题产生的产出

  • Method note on tracing an implementation gap from target to budget to delivery
  • Comparative notes on domestic review mechanisms
  • Dialogue briefs on data latency and how institutions act under it
  • Questions for legislatures on costing and tracking commitments
09工具与承诺

How implementation gaps is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.

政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。

各国的实施

How a commitment on implementation gaps is traced from adoption to review, country by country.

国家(示例)承诺国家工具预算项目已报告的指标审核
国家 AIn placeIn place筹备中筹备中No record
国家 BIn place筹备中筹备中No recordNo record
国家 C筹备中No recordNo recordNo recordNo record
承诺已追溯
《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》
国家在何处报告
向持有该协定的机构提交的国家报告
配合阅读
the country’s own plan and its review record
示例国家的示意性状态,并非任何国家的记录。只有在国家报告支持时,跟踪器才显示某一状态。
《仙台框架》(减少灾害风险) · 联合国减少灾害风险办公室《巴黎协定》 · 《联合国气候变化框架公约》《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标 · 联合国《国际卫生条例》 · 世卫组织
10核心问题

What implementation researchers ask.

  • Does each commitment have a lead institution, a budget and a timeline?
  • Are there indicators and monitoring 系统 that show whether practice is changing?
  • What happens when targets are missed: is there feedback and correction?
  • Do local institutions have the capacity to deliver national commitments?
11机制

Why commitments stall.

Implementation gaps arise from unclear mandates, inadequate budgets, weak coordination, limited local capacity, conflicting policies and political turnover. Climate and nature targets often compete with short-term economic priorities that have stronger institutional backing. Without monitoring, gaps remain invisible; without accountability, visible gaps go uncorrected.

Institutions that close gaps tend to embed commitments in law and budgets, assign clear responsibility, monitor progress transparently and create feedback loops, such as independent advisory bodies or parliamentary review, that force correction.

Why now: the Global Stocktake (2023) and successive gap assessments show that pledges outpace delivery, and the reasons are often institutional: unclear mandates, unfunded duties and weak monitoring. The platform is designed to trace where delivery stalls, record it with the institutions concerned, and test fixes in 宇宙 before they are scaled.

12方法与证据

How gaps are measured.

  1. 01

    Commitment tracking

    Comparing pledges and plans with legal, budgetary and institutional follow-through.

  2. 02

    Process tracing

    Following how a commitment moves, or stalls, through institutions, using 政策、制度与决策科学. Case-specific findings need care in generalising.

  3. 03

    Outcome monitoring

    Relating institutional action to environmental outcomes, using 气候与大气科学 and ecology and biodiversity science. Outcomes lag action.

  4. 04

    Comparative review

    Identifying features of institutions that close gaps.

13方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 政策、制度与决策科学职责授权与决策权梳理 · 承诺的过程追踪在此应用
  2. 气候与大气科学适应计划的情景 · 治理辩论中的归因在此应用
  3. 生态学与生物多样性科学评估中的累积效应 · 保护区代表性 · 恢复监测在此应用
  4. 水文学与水科学可变流量下的分配 · 上游项目影响 · 共享监测设计在此应用
14问题

问题与解答。

What is an implementation gap?
The difference between what a commitment says will happen and what is delivered, measured in outcomes such as emissions or protected area, or in inputs such as budgets and adopted measures.
What is the global stocktake?
A periodic assessment under the Paris Agreement of collective progress towards its goals, which informs the next round of nationally determined contributions.
Why are emissions data late?
Inventories compile energy, industry, agriculture and land data that are themselves published with delay, and they follow review procedures. Many countries also have limited statistical capacity.
Why do strategies fail to become practice?
Common reasons include unclear responsibility, missing budgets, weak local capacity, conflicting policies and the absence of monitoring and accountability.
What helps close implementation gaps?
Comparative evidence points to legal embedding, budgets, clear lead institutions, transparent monitoring and independent review.
Does the platform audit government performance?
No. It compares institutional arrangements and convenes dialogue. Audit is the role of supreme audit institutions and parliaments.
What are climate framework laws?
Laws that set long-term goals, assign responsibilities and create processes, such as carbon budgets or advisory councils, to guide climate policy.
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