GRF · Capital Nexus
公私合作
Public and private actors cooperate on capital through partnerships, guarantees, blended finance, co-investment and sponsorship of public programmes. Each arrangement shares risk and reward, and each can move costs onto the public balance sheet or weaken accountability if safeguards are missing. This page sets out the principles that govern cooperation, the fiscal and integrity risks it creates, and the evidence that ministries, regulators and boards use to manage them.
Public-private cooperation: how the risk develops.
Safeguards for sponsorship and support. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Risk transfer can reverse
Partnership contracts transfer some risks to private parties, but guarantees, minimum revenue clauses and renegotiation can return them to the state. The fiscal cost often appears years after signature.
Concessionality needs justification
Blended finance uses public money to improve the risk or return for private investors. Without a clear case for additionality and minimum concessionality, subsidy can exceed what the public purpose requires.
Integrity risks rise with discretion
Unsolicited proposals, direct negotiation and sponsorship arrangements create room for conflicts of interest and capture. Competitive procedure, disclosure and independent review limit that room.
Accountability can fragment
When delivery passes to a private party, citizens and parliaments lose line of sight. Contract publication, performance reporting and grievance channels keep public accountability intact.
拉丁美洲和加勒比的人口与风险暴露。
来自 NASA GIBS 的拉丁美洲和加勒比人口密度、夜间灯光与洪水。每个图层都注明其日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的人口与暴露情况
关于此图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 分辨率
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 分辨率
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 分辨率
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;这些数值是指标,不是某一地点的测量值。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 分辨率
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;不是已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 日(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 8 日;卫星 8 日合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-09-14
- 分辨率
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星表面温度,是一项热风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数或高温预警。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- OMI Aura(NASA GES DISC)
- 提供方
- NASA GES DISC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星反演;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-10
- 分辨率
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期低层大气二氧化氮的卫星柱含量,主要来自燃烧;不是地面浓度,也不是健康预警。
- 可通过以下方式到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
人口与风险暴露,以拉丁美洲和加勒比地区为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · 美国地质调查局来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- OMI 二氧化氮(Aura)和 OMPS 气溶胶指数(Suomi NPP),NASA;由 NASA GES DISC 分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- 背景:CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE。哥伦比亚大学国际地球科学信息网络中心(CIESIN)和 NASA 社会经济数据与应用中心(SEDAC):Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010;Seto, Guneralp and Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030;Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013。
- 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 空气质量预报,5 天,PM2.5(CAMS,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 9 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
- 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
- 二氧化氮,低层大气柱:OMI Aura,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月10日
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partnership contracts published | percent of signed contracts | 年度 | Treasury PPP unit records, open contracting portals | 已报告 |
| Direct and contingent liabilities from partnerships | 占 GDP 的百分比 | 年度 | 财政风险 statement, PFRAM-based estimates | 估算 |
| Contracts renegotiated | count and share of active contracts | 年度 | PPP unit records | 已报告 |
| Private finance mobilised by public interventions | 美元 | 年度 | OECD DAC mobilisation statistics | 已报告 |
| Guarantees outstanding | national currency | 年度 | Debt office guarantee registers | 已发布统计 |
| Unsolicited proposals accepted without competition | 计数 | 年度 | PPP unit and procurement records | 已报告 |
| Private participation in infrastructure commitments | 美元 | 年度 | World Bank PPI Database | 已报告 |
Exercise a cascade in public-private cooperation with the people who decide.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 灾害与气候风险融资: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 热带气旋
- 地震
- 冰塞洪水
- Storm surge (在下游引发)
- 强降雨(在下游引发)
- 河流洪水(在下游引发)
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- 危险海浪(在下游引发)
- 大范围停电(在下游引发)
- 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
- 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
- Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
- Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
- Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
- Slope slide (set off downstream)
- Rockfall (set off downstream)
- Tsunami (set off downstream)
- Building collapse (set off downstream)
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-10政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-14符合性及与外部标准的对照NRS-F8参数化与指数型风险转移NRS-F7灾害风险融资与预先安排的融资NRS-H113危害类别:金融体系脆弱性(NHS-1 soc.financial-system)NRS-H114危害类别:宏观经济与财政冲击(NHS-1 soc.macro-fiscal)NRS-D1风险知情的发展与项目筛查NRS-H28危害类别:气候状态转变(NHS-1 eco.climate-state)
观测
- ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)
- USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
- 为国家减少灾害风险行动提供的国际公共支持总额(仙台指标 F-1)
- 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
示例地理范围
- 西欧:152 个六边形网格
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Database | Infrastructure projects with private participation by country, sector and type | CC BY 4.0 |
| OECD DAC statistics on private finance mobilised | Amounts mobilised by public development finance interventions | CC BY 4.0 |
| IMF and World Bank PPP Fiscal Risk Assessment Model documentation | Method for estimating fiscal costs and risks of partnership projects | 免费,IMF 版权与使用条款 |
| World Bank Benchmarking Infrastructure Development | Regulatory quality of PPP preparation, procurement and management | CC BY 4.0 |
| National PPP unit registers and open contracting portals | Contracts, amendments, payments and performance | Open, licence per publisher |
| Debt office guarantee registers | Guarantees issued, beneficiaries and calls | 公共记录,条款因政府而异 |
How public-private cooperation is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.
政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。
发展成果
The Sustainable Development Goals and targets that outcomes on public-private cooperation are reported against.
| 目标 | 目标时限 | 该主题如何关联 |
|---|---|---|
| 目标 1,无贫穷 | 具体目标 1.5,增强贫困和脆弱人群的韧性 | 通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果 |
| 目标 17,促进目标实现的伙伴关系 | 具体目标 17.4,长期债务可持续性 | 通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果 |
| 目标 10,减少不平等 | 具体目标 10.5,金融市场的监管与监测 | 通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果 |
| 目标 16,和平、正义与强大机构 | 具体目标 16.6,有效、负责和透明的机构 | 通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果 |
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
Capital Nexus 负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Finance ministries and PPP units | Whether a project should proceed as a partnership and what fiscal exposure it creates | Value-for-money methods, PFRAM-type exposure estimates and comparator contracts |
| Debt management offices | Whether to issue a guarantee, on what terms and with what reporting | Guarantee registers, call histories and contingent liability limits |
| Parliaments and audit institutions | Whether partnership commitments and renegotiations are authorised and disclosed | Contract publication, renegotiation records and 财政风险 statements |
| Boards of development finance institutions | Whether blended finance meets additionality and minimum concessionality standards | Blended finance principles, project-level justification and evaluation |
该主题产生的产出
- Safeguard checklists drawn from OECD PPP and blended finance principles
- Briefs on fiscal risk disclosure for partnerships and guarantees
- Dialogue papers on integrity, sponsorship and conflicts of interest
- Question sets for contract disclosure and renegotiation review
专家提出的问题。
- 01
What does each side bring?
Resources, data, expertise and legitimacy, and the interests behind them.
- 02
Where are the risks?
Capture of agendas, privileged access, conflicts of interest and reputational transfer.
- 03
Which safeguards work?
Disclosure, separation of funding from content, and clear rules on access and use of names.
- 04
Who checks?
How safeguards are monitored and breaches handled.
问题的驱动因素。
Sponsorship can shape agendas without explicit control. Topics, speakers and framing may drift toward sponsors’ interests unless rules separate funding from content.
Access is a currency. Proximity to public servants and regulators can give sponsors informational or influence advantages. Rules that prevent privileged access protect both public institutions and other firms.
Implied endorsement transfers reputation. Logos and joint branding can suggest that a public institution approves a company or product.
Competition law applies when competitors meet. Discussions among firms in the same market must avoid sharing commercially sensitive information.
Cooperation can also be done well. Clear purpose, published terms, independent review of content and a public record of who contributed what allow private knowledge and resources to serve public goals without blurring accountability.
Why now: blended finance and public-private partnerships are promoted for resilience infrastructure, but contingent liabilities and accountability are often unclear. Capital Nexus compares governance safeguards and convenes public institutions on disclosure and oversight.
证据如何收集,以及止于何处。
| 方法或数据 | 显示内容 | 其局限 |
|---|---|---|
| Disclosure registers | Who funds and supports what | Show relationships, not influence |
| Conflict-of-interest declarations | Personal and institutional interests | Depend on honest declaration |
| Agenda and record review | Whether content tracks sponsor interests | Requires independent reviewers |
| 比较政策审查 | Safeguards in other institutions | Practices vary widely |
问题与解答。
Do partnerships keep debt off the balance sheet?
What is additionality in blended finance?
What safeguards apply to sponsorship of public programmes?
Can a sponsor choose the speakers at a dialogue?
Can a company use the GRF name in its marketing?
How do I raise a concern about undue influence?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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