Risk characterisation and evaluation
The IRGC phase that judges whether a risk is acceptable, tolerable (pursued with risk reduction) or intolerable (to be avoided), combining evidence with societal values and other factors.
Concern assessment
In the IRGC framework, the part of risk appraisal that assesses stakeholders’ perceptions, concerns and the social and economic implications of a risk, alongside the technical risk assessment.
Pre-assessment
The first phase of the IRGC framework: identifying and framing a risk, including how different actors define the problem, before formal assessment begins.
Risk governance
The application of the principles of good governance to the identification, assessment, management and communication of risks (IRGC).
Systemic risk (DSA)
Under the EU Digital Services Act, wide-spread risks that very large platforms must identify and mitigate, including illegal content, threats to fundamental rights, media freedom, public security and electoral processes.
Prebunking
Exposing people in advance to weakened examples of manipulation techniques so they can recognise them later. Field trials show short videos improve recognition of manipulation techniques at scale.
Very large online platform
Under the EU Digital Services Act, a platform or search engine with over 45 million monthly users in the EU, subject to obligations to assess and mitigate systemic risks.
Disinformation
False or misleading information deliberately created or spread to deceive, often for strategic, political or financial gain, as the UN Global Principles describe.
Misinformation
False or misleading information shared without the intent to deceive. It can still cause serious harm, for example when inaccurate health or emergency information spreads during a crisis.
Information integrity
In UN usage, a pluralistic information space that champions human rights, peaceful societies and a sustainable future, where accurate, reliable information is available to all in an open, inclusive, safe and secure environment.