GRF · Capital Nexus
Climate and nature finance policy
Climate and nature finance policy decides how public and private capital is disclosed, directed and safeguarded against climate change and biodiversity loss. It runs through central bank and supervisory mandates, disclosure standards, taxonomies, budget tagging, the commitments of climate funds and the safeguards attached to every project. This page sets out the agreements and standards in force, the mandates that bound what each institution may do, and what the evidence can and cannot settle.
Climate and nature finance policy in seven parts.
- 01The questionClimate and nature finance policy: how the risk develops
- 02IndicatorsWhat is measured, and how well
- 03SourcesWhere the evidence comes from
- 04DecisionsWho decides, and what the evidence serves
- 05Core questionsWhat experts ask
- 06MechanismsWhat drives the issue
- 07Methods and limitsHow evidence is gathered, and where it stops
Climate and nature finance policy: how the risk develops.
Disclosure, mandates and safeguards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Physical and transition risk
Climate change affects asset values through physical damage and through the transition to low-carbon economies. Both reach banks, insurers and sovereigns through collateral, earnings and tax bases, often with long lags.
Disclosure shapes pricing
What firms and governments must disclose sets what markets, supervisors and citizens can see. Common baselines reduce ambiguity, but disclosure without consistent data and assurance leaves room for labelling without substance.
Mandates bound action
Central banks and supervisors act within statutory mandates of price stability and financial stability. Whether and how climate and nature risks fall within them is a legal and political question, not a technical one.
Safeguards travel with money
Environmental and social standards attach conditions on land, labour, communities and biodiversity to financed projects. Their effect depends on screening, monitoring and grievance mechanisms working in practice.
Habitat condition in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Night lights, population density and land cover over Latin America and the Caribbean, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.
Layers 3
Habitat condition, for this page
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed
- Source
- VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Estimated
- Source
- Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
- Provider
- NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- Vintage
- null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
- Resolution
- about 1 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)
- Source
- MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA LP DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes
- Newest at build
- 2024-01-01
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds leave gaps)
- Source
- MODIS Terra EVI (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite index; clouds leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite vegetation index for the 8 days to the date shown, a habitat condition indicator; not a measure of species or biodiversity.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds leave gaps)
- Source
- VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)
- Source
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
Keyboard, with the map focused
Hold Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll to zoom
Latest available
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Loading the latest NASA imagery.
Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.
Habitat condition, framed on Latin America and the Caribbean.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT · U.S. Geological SurveySources and licences
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
- Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
- © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
- Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
- Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Optional layers (7 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.
Layers and dates
- Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
- Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
- Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
- Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
- Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
What is measured, and how well.
Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.
| Indicator | Unit | Cadence | Source type | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International public climate finance by provider | US dollars | annual | OECD DAC and UNFCCC biennial reporting | REPORTED |
| Multilateral development bank climate finance | US dollars | annual | Joint report on MDB climate finance | REPORTED |
| Green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked sovereign bond issuance | US dollars | annual | Market databases, debt office records | REPORTED |
| Climate-tagged budget expenditure | percent of total expenditure | annual | Green budget tagging, national budget documents | DECLARED |
| Supervisors with climate risk expectations in force | count of jurisdictions | annual | NGFS and Basel Committee surveys | REPORTED |
| Firms reporting against ISSB-based standards | count by jurisdiction | annual | Securities regulator records | REPORTED |
| Financial flows harmful to biodiversity identified for reform | US dollars | per assessment | National biodiversity finance plans | ESTIMATED |
| Projects with completed environmental and social assessment | percent of approved projects | annual | Lender safeguard disclosure | REPORTED |
Public investment pipeline.
The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
Public investment pipeline
Climate and nature finance policy · Member state A · Budget cycle 1
Pipeline
| Coastal road upgrade | Transport | High risk | Redo | Appraisal |
| District hospital | Health | Medium | Done | Committee |
| Irrigation scheme | Agriculture | Medium | Done | Financing |
| Solar mini-grids | Energy | Low | Done | Procurement |
Committee
- Next meeting
- week 3
- Quorum
- 7 members
- Conflicts
- declared, recorded
- GRF role
- convening and methods
Investment cycle
- Identifyneeds
- Screenclimate and disaster
- Appraisecost-benefit
- Selectcommittee
- Financemix
- Implementmonitor
- Evaluateex post
Where the evidence comes from.
Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.
| Source | What it gives | Licence class |
|---|---|---|
| Joint report on multilateral development banks’ climate finance | Climate finance by bank, region, instrument and adaptation or mitigation | Public report, terms per publisher |
| OECD climate-related development finance data | Climate-related flows by provider and recipient, Rio marker based | CC BY 4.0 |
| IMF Climate Change Indicators Dashboard | Green bonds, climate-related government expenditure and transition indicators | Free, IMF copyright and usage terms |
| NGFS climate scenarios | Reference scenarios for transition and physical risk used by supervisors | Free, NGFS terms of use |
| Climate Policy Initiative Global Landscape of Climate Finance | Tracked climate finance flows by source, instrument and use | Free, attribution |
| UNFCCC biennial reports and transparency reports | Party-reported climate finance provided, mobilised and received | Public, UN terms of use |
| Convention on Biological Diversity national reports and finance plans | Reported biodiversity finance and planned reforms of harmful incentives | Public, UN terms of use |
Compare instruments: rules, incentives and information.
Three families of instruments side by side against the baseline, each with its own lag and adoption speed, under the coverage and compliance you set; effect sizes are teaching values to replace with evidence. Scenario: named assumptions about the future, not a forecast. The map on this page shows Latin America and the Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.
Controls
- Baseline trend of the outcome
- 2.0% a year
- Coverage of the instrument
- 70%
- Compliance
- 75%
- Effect size, against the teaching value
- 100%
- Years ahead
- 20 years
Readouts
- Largest reduction at the horizon
- Carbon pricing
- Its reduction against the baseline
- 24%
Numbers, methods and sources
| Year | Baseline | Carbon pricing | Standards and mandates | Disclosure and information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 100.0 | 99.1 | 99.5 | 99.1 |
| 1 | 102.0 | 100.3 | 101.1 | 99.8 |
| 2 | 104.0 | 101.1 | 102.6 | 99.9 |
| 3 | 106.1 | 101.2 | 103.8 | 100.0 |
| 4 | 108.2 | 100.3 | 104.6 | 100.7 |
| 5 | 110.4 | 98.7 | 105.0 | 102.1 |
| 6 | 112.6 | 96.7 | 104.8 | 103.9 |
| 7 | 114.9 | 95.0 | 104.3 | 105.9 |
| 8 | 117.2 | 94.1 | 103.8 | 108.0 |
| 9 | 119.5 | 94.1 | 103.5 | 110.1 |
| 10 | 121.9 | 94.8 | 103.6 | 112.3 |
| 11 | 124.3 | 95.9 | 104.2 | 114.5 |
| 12 | 126.8 | 97.4 | 105.3 | 116.8 |
| 13 | 129.4 | 99.1 | 106.7 | 119.2 |
| 14 | 131.9 | 100.9 | 108.4 | 121.6 |
| 15 | 134.6 | 102.9 | 110.3 | 124.0 |
| 16 | 137.3 | 104.9 | 112.3 | 126.5 |
| 17 | 140.0 | 107.0 | 114.5 | 129.0 |
| 18 | 142.8 | 109.1 | 116.7 | 131.6 |
| 19 | 145.7 | 111.3 | 119.0 | 134.2 |
| 20 | 148.6 | 113.5 | 121.3 | 136.9 |
Methods
- Tools of government Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
- Carrots, sticks and sermons Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
- Diffusion of innovations Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
- Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
Data
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- Borders Natural Earth
- Cities Natural Earth
Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium
- Experiments Labs
- Built in Capital Nexus in Foundry
- Tested at Capital Nexus in Universe
- Codified in Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standards
- Published in Capital Nexus in Reports
- Taught in Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academy
Who decides, and what the evidence serves.
Capital Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| Who decides | The question | Evidence this page serves |
|---|---|---|
| Central banks and financial supervisors | Whether and how climate and nature risks enter supervisory expectations and stress tests within the mandate | Mandate texts, NGFS scenarios with their assumptions, supervisory survey evidence |
| Securities regulators and standard setters | Which disclosure baseline to adopt, with what phasing and assurance | Jurisdictional adoption records and reporting coverage |
| Finance ministries and parliaments | How to tag, report and scrutinise climate and nature spending and sovereign sustainable bonds | Budget tagging methods, bond frameworks and allocation reports |
| Boards of climate funds and development banks | Which safeguards and accountability mechanisms apply, and whether they are working | Safeguard disclosure, grievance cases and independent evaluation |
Outputs this topic produces
- Mandate maps showing what each central bank, supervisor and fund may and may not do
- Comparative briefs on disclosure standards, taxonomies and assurance
- Dialogue papers on safeguard practice and grievance mechanisms
- Question sets for tracking climate finance commitments
From mandate to evaluation, by pillar.
The steps an instrument takes from mandate to evaluation, each with the pillar that runs it, and the decisions that stay with the authority. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Latin America and the Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.
- Mandate and problem framing Competent authority (outside the programme)
A competent authority frames the problem and the mandate under its own rules. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009) - Evidence and system model Foundry
The system is modelled with its feedbacks, data and stated limits. OECD (2014), principle 2 - Options appraised with scenarios Foundry
Instruments are compared under scenarios, with uncertainty shown. Hood (1983) - Exercise with stakeholders Universe
The options are tested in an exercise with those who would implement and bear them. OECD (2014), principle 3 - Standard or guidance drafted Nexus Standards
What works is codified as a standard or guidance, open to comment. Nexus Standards process - Decision by the authority Competent authority (outside the programme)
The authority decides, outside the programme, with the evidence on record. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009) - Capacity and training Risk Academy
Those who implement are trained on the decided instrument and its data. Sendai Framework (2015), priority 2 - Monitoring and public report Reports
Indicators are published with sources, limits and corrections. OECD (2014), principle 5 - Evaluation and revision Nexus Standards
Results return to the standard and the model: the cycle closes. Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009)
Methods
- Policy cycle Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009), Studying Public Policy, Oxford University Press
- Governance of critical risks OECD (2014), Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
- Layered drawing of directed graphs Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium
- Experiments Labs
- Built in Capital Nexus in Foundry
- Tested at Capital Nexus in Universe
- Codified in Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standards
- Published in Capital Nexus in Reports
- Taught in Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academy
What experts ask.
- 01
What should be disclosed?
Which climate and nature risks, dependencies and impacts institutions report, and how comparably.
- 02
Whose mandate is it?
How central banks, supervisors, ministries and fund trustees interpret their mandates on climate and nature.
- 03
Do safeguards protect people and ecosystems?
How environmental and social safeguards apply to climate and nature investment.
- 04
What changes behaviour?
Whether disclosure leads to different decisions, or only to more reports.
Exercise a cascade in climate and nature finance policy with the people who decide.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Disaster and climate risk finance: the hazards it names, the systems and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
Hazards
- Tropical cyclone
- Earthquake
- Ice-jam flood
- Storm surge (set off downstream)
- Intense rainfall (set off downstream)
- River flood (set off downstream)
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- Dangerous surf (set off downstream)
- Widespread power outage (set off downstream)
- Mass displacement (set off downstream)
- Coastal flood (set off downstream)
- Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
- Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
- Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
- Slope slide (set off downstream)
- Rockfall (set off downstream)
- Tsunami (set off downstream)
- Building collapse (set off downstream)
Systems and couplings
Controls
NS-0Constitution and principlesNS-3Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)NS-9Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)NS-10Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)NS-11Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)NS-14Conformance and crosswalk to external standardsNRS-F8Parametric and index-based risk transferNRS-F7Disaster risk finance and pre-arranged financeNRS-H113Hazard family: Financial-system fragility (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)NRS-H114Hazard family: Macroeconomic and fiscal shocks (NHS-1 soc.macro-fiscal)NRS-D1Risk-informed development and project screeningNRS-H28Hazard family: Climate-state shifts (NHS-1 eco.climate-state)
Observation
- ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)
- CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)
- USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
- Total public international support for national disaster risk reduction actions (Sendai indicator F-1)
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global GDP
Example geography
- Western Europe: 152 hexagonal cells
- Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS
- Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
- Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS
- Surface soil moisture (SMAP), NASA GIBS
What drives the issue.
Climate risk reaches finance through physical damage and through the transition to lower emissions, which changes the value of assets and business models. Nature loss adds dependencies on ecosystem services such as water, pollination and soil that are harder to measure.
Disclosure regimes have spread, but disclosure alone does not change decisions. Data gaps, inconsistent methods and the long horizons of climate risk limit how far reported information affects pricing and allocation.
Mandates are contested. Debate continues over how far central banks and supervisors should act on climate and nature, and how fiduciary duties apply to long-term environmental risk.
Safeguards matter for legitimacy. Climate and nature projects can displace communities or harm ecosystems if safeguards are weak, undermining public support.
Taxonomies and labels shape flows. Classification systems that define what counts as green or sustainable influence where capital goes, and differences between them can fragment markets or invite labelling without substance.
Why now: the new collective quantified goal on climate finance agreed at COP29 (2024) and nature finance commitments under the Kunming-Montreal framework raise governance questions about tracking, access and accountability. Capital Nexus convenes the public institutions concerned, without advising on any transaction.
Who a decision on climate and nature finance policy reaches.
The sectors a policy on climate and nature finance policy has to coordinate: a choice in one ministry lands in the others.
Signature
Biodiversity and its partners
Biodiversity gives pollination and soils to food (0.6), watershed regulation to water (0.5) and zoonotic spillover and medicines to health (0.4).
W · E · I · F · H · B
- Sectors
- 4 of 6
- Relations
- 6 of 15
- Coupling
- 0.46 share of total
Strongest relations in play
- Food → Biodiversity · land conversion0.6
- Water → Food · irrigation0.8
- Water → Biodiversity · environmental flows0.6
- Food → Health · nutrition0.7
How evidence is gathered, and where it stops.
| Method or data | What it shows | Its limit |
|---|---|---|
| Disclosure analysis | What institutions report | Reporting quality varies widely |
| Scenario analysis | Exposure under climate pathways | Long horizons, deep uncertainty |
| Policy comparison | Approaches across jurisdictions | Rapidly changing landscape |
| Safeguard reviews | Effects on communities and ecosystems | Monitoring often incomplete |
How climate and nature finance policy is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.
The instruments, mandates, actors and accountability arrangements a policymaker, diplomat or development agency works with, citing the agreements that set them. Structures follow the frameworks named. Any state or progress drawn is illustrative, not a record.
Development outcomes
The Sustainable Development Goals and targets that outcomes on climate and nature finance policy are reported against.
| Goal | Target | How this subject links |
|---|---|---|
| Goal 1, no poverty | Target 1.5, resilience of the poor and vulnerable | Outcomes reported through the agreed indicator of the target |
| Goal 17, partnerships for the goals | Target 17.4, long-term debt sustainability | Outcomes reported through the agreed indicator of the target |
| Goal 10, reduced inequalities | Target 10.5, regulation and monitoring of financial markets | Outcomes reported through the agreed indicator of the target |
| Goal 16, peace, justice and strong institutions | Target 16.6, effective, accountable and transparent institutions | Outcomes reported through the agreed indicator of the target |
How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.
- 01Policy, institutional and decision scienceMandate and decision-rights mapping · Institutional assessment synthesisApplied here
- 02Financial economics and macro-financeDebt sustainability under stress · The sovereign and bank feedback loopApplied here
- 03Economics and development economicsAppraisal of public investment · Fiscal incidence of policy choices · Indirect costs of shocksApplied here
Questions and answers.
Do central banks have a climate mandate?
What is the ISSB?
Why do climate finance totals differ between reports?
What is Target 19 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework?
Does Capital Nexus set disclosure standards?
Is climate finance policy only about emissions?
Does the platform take positions on central bank mandates?
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