GRF · 气候与自然治理

气候披露治理

Climate disclosure rules require companies and financial institutions to report how climate affects them and, in some regimes, how they affect the climate. The ISSB’s IFRS S1 and S2 form a global baseline that jurisdictions adopt or adapt; regional regimes and nature-related frameworks sit beside them. This page sets out how disclosure governance works, where it fails to produce decision-useful information, and who decides scope, timing and enforcement.

01画布

工作如何开展。

系统 · 围绕本主题示意

适应计划追踪器

Climate disclosure governance · National adaptation council · Plan year 2

水务部门进度滞后GRF · 气候与自然治理

按部门划分的进展正常的行动

水,%50 of 70 required农业,%68 of 70 required卫生,%72 of 70 required城市,%50 of 70 required

落实差距

无干旱分配规则水授权不明流域委员会
缺少高温计划卫生资金主管部委
海岸退缩线未执行城市能力D 省

适应循环

  1. 评估风险国家
  2. 计划NAP
  3. 实施部门
  4. 监测指标
  5. 评估学习
Adaptation plan tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Climate disclosure governance.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。

图Adaptation plan tracker: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02问题

Climate disclosure governance: how the risk develops.

Public policy, claims and reporting. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Jurisdictions adapt the baseline

Each jurisdiction decides whether to adopt ISSB standards in full, with transition reliefs, or alongside its own rules. Differences in scope, timing and the treatment of value chain emissions reduce comparability across borders.

机制

Data come from the value chain

Scope 3 emissions, physical exposure and nature dependencies require data from suppliers, customers and assets the reporter does not control. Estimates and proxies fill gaps and must be labelled.

机制

Assurance determines reliability

Limited assurance checks less than reasonable assurance, and assurance standards for sustainability information are newer than for financial statements. Unassured figures can carry errors into investment and supervisory decisions.

机制

Enforcement shapes behaviour

Securities regulators and supervisors review filings and act on misleading statements. Weak enforcement invites boilerplate; strong enforcement without safe harbours can make firms disclose less.

03地理

安第斯地区的气候信号。

Population density, night lights and daytime surface heat over the Andes, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页的气候信号

关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
分辨率
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 日(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
8 日;卫星 8 日合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-09-14
分辨率
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星表面温度,是一项热风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数或高温预警。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
提供方
NASA GES DISC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;近实时卫星估算
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR25(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
对所示日期海温偏离常年值幅度的卫星分析;是海洋热浪指标,并非 珊瑚白化 警报。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;这些数值是指标,不是某一地点的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

安第斯地区的气候信号。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA AIRS · 美国地质调查局来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA AIRS. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 空气质量预报,5 天,PM2.5(CAMS,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
  • 过去一年的每日气温(ERA5,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 气候变化服务 2026 年信息。
  • 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • Optional layers (22 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
  • 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
  • 海面温度距平:GHRSST MUR25,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日

04指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Jurisdictions adopting or using ISSB standardscount, by approach变更时IFRS Foundation jurisdictional profiles已发布统计
Mandatory climate disclosure regime in force是或否,附范围变更时National regulation已发布统计
Companies reporting scope 1, 2 and 3 emissionsshare of in-scope companies年度Company filings已声明
Disclosures with external assuranceshare of reports, by level年度Company filings已声明
Regulator review findings on sustainability reportscount by issue type年度Securities regulator reports已发布统计
Disclosures referencing TNFD recommendationscount of organisations年度TNFD adopter records已声明
05政策情景

比较文书:规则、激励和信息。

三类工具在你设定的覆盖率和遵从率下与基线并列比较,每类都有自己的滞后和采用速度;效应大小是教学用数值,应以证据替换。情景:关于未来的具名假设,不是预测。本页地图显示安第斯山脉;模型本身并不绑定某个地点。

控制措施

结果的基线趋势
每年 2.0%
该工具的覆盖范围
70%
合规
75%
效应量,相对于教学取值
100%
未来年数
20 年

读数

期末时点降幅最大
Carbon pricing
相对基线的降幅
24%
数字、方法与来源
年份基线Carbon pricingStandards and mandatesDisclosure and information
0100.099.199.599.1
1102.0100.3101.199.8
2104.0101.1102.699.9
3106.1101.2103.8100.0
4108.2100.3104.6100.7
5110.498.7105.0102.1
6112.696.7104.8103.9
7114.995.0104.3105.9
8117.294.1103.8108.0
9119.594.1103.5110.1
10121.994.8103.6112.3
11124.395.9104.2114.5
12126.897.4105.3116.8
13129.499.1106.7119.2
14131.9100.9108.4121.6
15134.6102.9110.3124.0
16137.3104.9112.3126.5
17140.0107.0114.5129.0
18142.8109.1116.7131.6
19145.7111.3119.0134.2
20148.6113.5121.3136.9

方法

  1. 政府工具 Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan
  2. 胡萝卜、大棒与说教 Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction
  3. 创新扩散 Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press
  4. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 边界 Natural Earth
  • 城市 Natural Earth
比较政策工具:规则、激励和信息。示意性教学模型:依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:政府工具(Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan);胡萝卜、大棒与说教(Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction);创新扩散(Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press)。
06来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
IFRS Foundation jurisdictional profilesHow each jurisdiction adopts or uses ISSB standardsFree to read, IFRS Foundation terms
European Securities and Markets Authority enforcement reportsPriorities and findings of sustainability reporting enforcement公开,欧盟再利用条款
CDP disclosure dataSelf-reported climate, water and forest data from companiesProprietary; summary results free to read
TNFD adopter listOrganisations committing to report against TNFD recommendations免费阅读,条款待核实
IOSCO sustainability reportsSecurities regulators’ work on adoption, assurance and greenwashingFree, IOSCO terms
SEC EDGAR filingsUnited States filings including risk factor and climate disclosures公有领域
07实施

从授权到评估,按支柱划分。

一项文书从授权到评估所经历的步骤,每一步都标明负责运行的支柱,以及仍由当局作出的决定。这是带有明示说明性数值的教学模型,不是预测。本页地图显示的是安第斯山脉;模型本身不限于某一地点。

  1. 授权与问题界定 主管当局(计划之外)
    主管当局依其自身规则界定问题和授权。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009)
  2. 证据与系统模型 Foundry
    对系统及其反馈、数据和已说明的局限进行建模。 OECD (2014),原则 2
  3. 在情景下评估备选方案 Foundry
    在情景下比较各项政策工具,并显示不确定性。 Hood (1983)
  4. 与利益相关方演练 宇宙
    在演练中与将实施和承担这些方案的各方一起检验方案。 OECD(2014),原则 3
  5. 起草标准或指南 Nexus Standards
    行之有效的做法被编纂为标准或指南,并公开征求意见。 Nexus Standards 流程
  6. 由主管当局决定 主管当局(计划之外)
    主管当局在计划之外,依据记录在案的证据作出决定。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009)
  7. 能力与培训 Risk Academy
    负责实施的人员接受关于所决定文书及其数据的培训。 仙台框架(2015),优先事项 2
  8. 监测与公开报告 报告
    指标连同来源、局限和更正一并发布。 OECD(2014),原则 5
  9. 评估与修订 Nexus Standards
    结果反馈至标准和模型:循环闭合。 Howlett、Ramesh 和 Perl(2009)

方法

  1. 政策周期 Howlett, Ramesh and Perl (2009), Studying Public Policy, Oxford University Press
  2. 关键风险治理 OECD(2014),Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
  3. 有向图的分层绘制 Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11
从授权到评估,按支柱划分:所记录的各个步骤及其所属支柱;来源按各步骤所引。
08决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

气候与自然治理负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Securities regulators and finance ministriesWhether to adopt ISSB standards, in what scope and on what timelineJurisdictional comparisons and implementation records
Audit oversight bodiesWhich assurance standards apply and how assurers are overseenAssurance practice and inspection findings
Company boards and audit committeesWhat is material, how it is governed and how it is assuredComparable disclosures and regulator review findings
The ISSB and jurisdictional standard settersHow standards evolve, including on natureConsultation records and implementation evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Comparative notes on jurisdictional adoption of ISSB standards
  • Guide to the chain from emissions data to assured disclosure
  • Dialogue briefs on nature-related disclosure as the ISSB develops it
  • Questions for regulators on enforcement and safe harbours
09孪生与级联模拟器

Exercise a cascade in climate disclosure governance with the people who decide.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候适应与转型风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 海平面上升
  • 热浪
  • 风暴
  • 山洪
  • 气象干旱
  • 地下水枯竭
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 大规模森林干扰(在下游引发)
  • 野火 (在下游引发)
  • 极端火险天气(在下游引发)
  • 高温导致的电网压力(在下游引发)
  • 农业干旱(在下游引发)
  • 骤发干旱(在下游引发)
  • 积雪干旱(在下游引发)
  • 近地面臭氧事件(在下游引发)
  • 泥石流(在下游引发)
  • 水文干旱(在下游引发)
  • 泥炭与地下火(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-X1 气候变化风险与适应
  • NRS-T16 人工智能代理与自主决策系统风险
  • NRS-H65 危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-I7 智能应用:有依据的检索、推理与决策支持
  • NRS-K20 领域包规范:气候适应(DOMAIN-020)
  • NRS-K21 领域包配置文件:气候减缓碳(DOMAIN-021)

观测

  • CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
  • 已制定国家自主贡献、长期战略、国家适应计划和适应信息通报的国家数目
  • 根据 仙台框架

示例地理范围

  • 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
10核心问题

治理专家提出的问题。

  • Which authorities set disclosure requirements, and for whom?
  • How consistent are standards across jurisdictions, and does inconsistency undermine comparison?
  • How are environmental claims, such as net-zero pledges, overseen to prevent misleading statements?
  • How do public bodies themselves report climate risk?
11工具与承诺

How climate disclosure governance is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.

政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。

随时间变化的授权与协定

The agreements that set mandates and commitments on climate disclosure governance, from adoption to their current horizon.

  1. 1992《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》联合国
  2. 2015《仙台减少灾害风险框架》UNDRR
  3. 2015《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标联合国
  4. 2015《巴黎协定》UNFCCC
  5. 2022昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架CBD
  6. 2023《巴黎协定》下的首次全球盘点UNFCCC
  7. 2030《2030 年议程》和《仙台框架》的时间跨度联合国
Adoption years of the agreements named; the texts and their bodies are the authority. Chosen from the page’s fields.
《仙台框架》(减少灾害风险) · 联合国减少灾害风险办公室《巴黎协定》 · 《联合国气候变化框架公约》《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标 · 联合国《国际卫生条例》 · 世卫组织
12机制

Information as a governance tool.

Disclosure aims to correct information gaps so that markets and the public can assess climate risk and performance. International standards, such as those developed by the International Sustainability Standards Board building on the earlier Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures framework, sit alongside jurisdiction-specific rules. Adoption, scope and assurance requirements vary.

Without consistent definitions and verification, disclosure can enable greenwashing: claims that overstate environmental performance. Consumer protection and securities authorities in several jurisdictions have begun to act on misleading claims. Disclosure is a means, not an end; it changes outcomes only when someone uses the information.

Why now: sustainability disclosure standards issued by the International Sustainability Standards Board (2023) and the TNFD recommendations (2023) are being adopted or referenced in several jurisdictions, raising questions about who supervises disclosure and how public bodies use it. The platform is designed to compare those arrangements; finance-readiness questions go to Global Risks Alliance (GRA).

13方法与证据

How disclosure governance is studied.

  1. 01

    Comparative regulatory analysis

    Comparing disclosure rules across jurisdictions, using 政策、制度与决策科学.

  2. 02

    Claims review

    Examining how authorities oversee environmental claims. Enforcement records are uneven.

  3. 03

    Use studies

    Assessing whether and how investors, regulators and the public use disclosed information.

  4. 04

    Public-sector reporting

    Reviewing how governments report climate risk, informed by 气候与大气科学.

14方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 政策、制度与决策科学职责授权与决策权梳理 · 承诺的过程追踪在此应用
  2. 气候与大气科学适应计划的情景 · 治理辩论中的归因在此应用
  3. 生态学与生物多样性科学评估中的累积效应 · 保护区代表性 · 恢复监测在此应用
15问题

问题与解答。

What are IFRS S1 and IFRS S2?
Standards issued by the International Sustainability Standards Board. IFRS S1 sets general requirements for sustainability-related financial disclosures; IFRS S2 sets requirements for climate-related disclosures, including scenario analysis and emissions.
Is TNFD a standard?
The TNFD issued recommendations and guidance for nature-related disclosure. The ISSB has said it will build on that work in its own nature-related requirements, which it is developing through public consultation.
What is the difference between limited and reasonable assurance?
Limited assurance gives a negative conclusion that nothing came to the assurer’s attention; reasonable assurance gives a positive opinion and requires more evidence. Regimes phase from one to the other.
What is greenwashing?
Making environmental claims that are misleading, unsubstantiated or exaggerated, for example about a product’s or company’s climate performance.
Does the platform assess company disclosures?
No. It studies disclosure as a governance system. It does not assess, rate or verify any organisation’s reporting.
Why does consistency matter?
Inconsistent definitions and scopes make it hard to compare organisations or aggregate data, which weakens the usefulness of disclosure.
Do governments disclose climate risk?
Increasingly, through budget documents, national risk assessments and public-sector reporting, though practice varies widely.
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报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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