GRF · Capital Nexus

金融与不平等

Finance shapes who can save, borrow, insure and invest, and fiscal choices shape who pays for public capital and who benefits from it. Access gaps, the incidence of taxes and transfers, the cost of debt service and the distribution of losses after crises all carry distributional consequences. This page sets out how finance and inequality interact, how distributional outcomes and access are measured, and which institutions hold the decisions that change them.

01画布

工作如何开展。

系统 · 围绕本主题示意

公共投资项目库

Finance and inequality · Member state A · Budget cycle 2

4 projects unscreenedGRF · Capital Nexus

流程

沿海道路改造交通高风险重做评价
地区医院卫生中已完成委员会
灌溉工程农业中已完成融资
太阳能微电网能源低已完成采购

委员会

下次会议
第 9 周
法定人数
6 members
冲突
已申报,已记录
GRF 的角色
召集与方法

投资周期

  1. 标识需求
  2. 筛选气候与灾害
  3. 评价cost-benefit
  4. 选择委员会
  5. 金融组合
  6. 实施监测
  7. 评估事后
Public investment pipeline: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Finance and inequality.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。

图Public investment pipeline: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02问题

Finance and inequality: how the risk develops.

Distributional outcomes and access. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Access is uneven

Households and small firms without accounts, credit histories or collateral pay more for finance or go without. Women, rural populations and informal workers face the widest gaps, which limit their ability to absorb shocks.

机制

Debt service crowds out

When interest payments rise relative to revenue, governments cut or defer spending on health, education and 社会保护 first. The burden falls on those who rely most on public services.

机制

Crises are regressive

Financial crises, inflation and currency collapses erode wages and savings faster than assets. Rescue measures can protect creditors and asset holders while adjustment falls on workers and taxpayers.

机制

Fiscal incidence decides

Who pays taxes, who receives transfers and who uses public services together determine whether public finance narrows or widens inequality. Incidence analysis makes that distribution visible before decisions are taken.

03地理

拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的活动与暴露。

来自 NASA GIBS 的拉丁美洲和加勒比地区夜间灯光、人口密度和洪水水体。每个图层都带有自己的日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

活动与暴露,本页适用

关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS 黑色大理石(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐亮度;灯光是用电和停电情况的代理指标,不是对供应或可及性的测量。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(CIESIN,哥伦比亚大学)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
分辨率
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人口数。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。按提供方发布的原样提供的卫星或模型栅格数据。云层、扫描带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;这些数值是指标,不是某一地点的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;不是已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
分辨率
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问
关于此图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
分辨率
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
可通过以下方式到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许加载实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

经济活动与风险暴露,以拉丁美洲和加勒比地区为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 背景:CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE。哥伦比亚大学国际地球科学信息网络中心(CIESIN)和 NASA 社会经济数据与应用中心(SEDAC):Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010;Seto, Guneralp and Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030;Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013。
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 5 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在打开时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,派生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024

04指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Adults with an account at a financial institution or mobile money providerpercent of adults, by sex and income group三年一次Global Findex household survey观测
Gini index of disposable incomeindex (0 to 100)annual where surveyedHousehold income and expenditure surveys估算
Interest payments relative to revenuepercent of general government revenue年度Government finance statistics已发布统计
Change in inequality from taxes and transfersGini points (market to final income)每项研究Fiscal incidence analysis模型估算
Social spending占 GDP 的百分比年度Government expenditure by function已发布统计
Small firm credit gap美元每次评估Enterprise surveys and financial sector data估算
Remittance transfer costpercent of amount sent每季度Remittance Prices Worldwide观测
05孪生与级联模拟器

Exercise a cascade in finance and inequality with the people who decide.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 灾害与气候风险融资: the hazards it names, the 系统 and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 热带气旋
  • 地震
  • 冰塞洪水
  • Storm surge (在下游引发)
  • 强降雨(在下游引发)
  • 河流洪水(在下游引发)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • 危险海浪(在下游引发)
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
  • Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)
  • Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
  • Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
  • Slope slide (set off downstream)
  • Rockfall (set off downstream)
  • Tsunami (set off downstream)
  • Building collapse (set off downstream)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-F8 参数化与指数型风险转移
  • NRS-F7 灾害风险融资与预先安排的融资
  • NRS-H113 危害类别:金融体系脆弱性(NHS-1 soc.financial-system)
  • NRS-H114 危害类别:宏观经济与财政冲击(NHS-1 soc.macro-fiscal)
  • NRS-D1 风险知情的发展与项目筛查
  • NRS-H28 危害类别:气候状态转变(NHS-1 eco.climate-state)

观测

  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)
  • USGS earthquake GeoJSON summary feeds (listed for reference)
  • 为国家减少灾害风险行动提供的国际公共支持总额(仙台指标 F-1)
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比

示例地理范围

  • 西欧:152 个六边形网格
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
06来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
World Bank Global Findex DatabaseAccount ownership, saving, borrowing and resilience by population groupCC BY 4.0
World Bank Poverty and Inequality PlatformPoverty and inequality estimates from household surveysCC BY 4.0
IMF Financial Access SurveySupply-side data on access to and use of financial services免费,IMF 版权与使用条款
Commitment to Equity Institute Data CenterFiscal incidence studies of taxes, transfers and servicesFree, registration and attribution
World Inequality DatabaseIncome and wealth distribution series combining surveys, tax and national accounts免费,须署名
World Bank Remittance Prices WorldwideCost of sending remittances by corridorCC BY 4.0
UNCTAD A World of DebtPublic debt and interest burdens set against social spendingFree, UN terms of use
07工具与承诺

How finance and inequality is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.

政策制定者、外交官或发展机构所使用的文书、授权、行为方和问责安排,并注明设定它们的协定。结构遵循所列框架。所绘制的任何状态或进展均为说明性,并非记录。

发展成果

The Sustainable Development Goals and targets that outcomes on finance and inequality are reported against.

目标目标时限该主题如何关联
目标 1,无贫穷具体目标 1.5,增强贫困和脆弱人群的韧性通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果
目标 17,促进目标实现的伙伴关系具体目标 17.4,长期债务可持续性通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果
目标 10,减少不平等具体目标 10.5,金融市场的监管与监测通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果
目标 16,和平、正义与强大机构具体目标 16.6,有效、负责和透明的机构通过该具体目标的商定指标报告的成果
Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda, chosen from the page’s fields; indicators are reported by countries, not by the Forum.
《仙台框架》(减少灾害风险) · 联合国减少灾害风险办公室《巴黎协定》 · 《联合国气候变化框架公约》《2030 年可持续发展议程》和可持续发展目标 · 联合国《国际卫生条例》 · 世卫组织
08决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Capital Nexus 负责准备证据。以下决定由所列主管机构依据其自身规则作出,绝不由平台作出。

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
财政部门How fiscal adjustment, tax reform and debt service affect different income groupsFiscal incidence studies, interest burdens and social spending by function
Central banks and financial regulatorsHow to widen access and protect consumers without raising stability risksAccess and usage data by group; supervisory and complaint records
ParliamentsWhether budgets protect essential services when debt service risesInterest relative to revenue, social spending trends and incidence evidence
Multilateral boardsWhether programme design includes social spending floors and distributional analysisProgramme documents, social spending floors and post-programme reviews

该主题产生的产出

  • Distributional briefs on debt service and social spending, with sources labelled
  • Dialogue papers on financial inclusion policy and consumer protection
  • Notes on fiscal incidence methods and their assumptions
  • Question sets for distributional review of adjustment programmes
09核心问题

专家提出的问题。

  1. 01

    Who has access to finance?

    How access to credit, savings, payments and insurance varies by income, gender, location and enterprise size.

  2. 02

    Who bears risk?

    How losses from shocks are distributed between households, firms, financial institutions and the state.

  3. 03

    How do crises affect inequality?

    How recessions, disasters and financial crises change the distribution of wealth and income.

  4. 04

    What do policies do?

    Distributional effects of monetary, fiscal and financial regulation.

10机制

问题的驱动因素。

Households and small firms with little savings and no insurance absorb shocks by selling assets, cutting consumption or borrowing at high cost, which can trap them in poverty. Access to appropriate financial services helps them manage risk.

Credit allocation follows collateral and information. Those without formal titles, credit histories or stable incomes are excluded or pay more, including many women, informal workers and rural households.

Asset price movements redistribute wealth. Policies that raise asset prices benefit those who own assets; inflation and unemployment fall hardest on those without buffers.

Climate and disaster losses are regressive in effect, because poorer households have less protection and recover more slowly. Financial instruments can reduce or deepen this, depending on design.

Digital finance changes access and risk at once. Mobile money and digital credit have widened access in many places, while raising new questions about data use, over-indebtedness and consumer protection.

Why now: the people and places most exposed to shocks often face the highest cost of capital and the least insurance. Capital Nexus convenes dialogue on how public finance decisions distribute risk, with affected constituencies taking part and dissent recorded.

11方法与局限

证据如何收集,以及止于何处。

方法或数据显示内容其局限
Household surveysAccess, use and financial healthInfrequent and costly
分配分析Effects of policies on groupsModel assumptions matter
Post-shock studiesRecovery paths by groupHard to follow households over time
Administrative dataCredit and insurance coveragePrivacy limits access
12方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 经济学与发展经济学公共投资评估 · 政策选择的财政归宿 · 冲击的间接成本在此应用
  2. 政策、制度与决策科学职责授权与决策权梳理 · 制度评估综合在此应用
  3. 金融经济学与宏观金融压力下的债务可持续性 · 主权与银行的反馈回路在此应用
13问题

问题与解答。

Why do survey and tax-based inequality estimates differ?
Surveys under-report top incomes and wealth; tax records miss those who do not file. Combined series reconcile them with national accounts, under assumptions that are stated with the data.
Is financial inclusion always beneficial?
Access to safe accounts and payments generally helps. Credit without consumer protection can lead to over-indebtedness, so inclusion policy pairs access with regulation and redress.
What is fiscal incidence analysis?
A method that allocates taxes paid and benefits received to households to show how public finance changes the distribution of income. Results depend on assumptions that are published with each study.
Does Capital Nexus advocate particular redistribution policies?
No. It convenes dialogue on evidence and options. Policy choices belong to governments and legislatures.
Why include inequality in a capital platform?
Because the distribution of access and losses shapes resilience, trust and the legitimacy of capital allocation.
Is microfinance the answer to exclusion?
Evidence suggests it helps some households manage risk but is no general solution. Design and context decide outcomes.
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