Data appendix

The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.

8 min read0 figures7 tables19 notesNR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE

Contents

B.1The indicator set

Table B.1Baseline indicator set
Indicator	Value	Unit	Year	State	Source
Greenhouse-gas emissions	363	Mt CO₂e	2024	Reported	¹
Change since 1990	−30.2	%	2024	Reported	¹
Transport share of emissions	31.2	%	2024	Reported	¹
2030 effort-sharing target	−43.7	% vs 2005	2030	Reported	⁴⁰
Renewable share of electricity demand	41.2	%	2024	Reported	⁷
Russian share of gas imports	<5	%	2023	Reported	⁸
Heat-related deaths	18,010	deaths	2022	Reported	⁴
Heat-related deaths	12,743	deaths	2023	Reported	⁵
Emilia-Romagna flood deaths	17	deaths	2023	Reported	¹⁴
Emilia-Romagna flood damage	≈8.5	€ billion	2023	Reported	¹⁴
Municipalities exposed to hydrogeological hazard	≈94	%	2021	Reported	¹¹
Residents in medium flood-hazard areas	6.8	million	2021	Reported	¹¹
Water lost in networks	42.4	%	2022	Reported	¹²
Homes insured against earthquake and flood	7.3	%	2025	Reported	¹³
Population	58.9	million	1 Jan 2025	Reported	⁶
Area burned	≈160,000	hectares	2021	Reported	²⁰

Indicators, CSV Indicators, JSON

B.2National source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

Table B.3National source register
Source	Category	Coverage	Period	Cadence	Role
National Inventory Document¹	national environment agency	Italy	1990–2024	annual	CLI · ENE
Emission scenarios³	national environment agency	Italy	to 2030	annual	CLI
Heat-mortality estimates⁴⁵	peer-reviewed	Europe	2022–2023	annual	HLT
Population⁶	official statistics	Italy	2024	annual	profile
Electricity data⁷	system operator	Italy	2024	annual	ENE
Energy report⁸	ministry	Italy	2023	annual	ENE
Hydrogeological report¹¹	national environment agency	Italy	2021	three-yearly	WAT · INF
Water statistics¹²	official statistics	Italy	2022	periodic	WAT
Insurance yearbook¹³	insurance association	Italy	2025	annual	FIN
Flood damage¹⁴	regional government	Emilia-Romagna	2023	one-off	WAT · FIN
Volcano bulletins¹⁶	national research institute	Campi Flegrei	2024–2025	weekly	GEO
Climate indicators²¹	national environment agency	Italy	2024	annual	CLI

B.3Regional reading, Italy by macro-region

Map plates for each region follow in Q2 2027. This page gives the regional reading in table form, and ranks no region.

Table B.4Regional reading, Italy by macro-region
Area	Principal hazards	Systems most exposed	Baseline evidence
North-west	floods, landslides, Alpine change	cities, industry, hydro	¹¹²⁶
Po valley and Emilia-Romagna	drought, floods, heat	agriculture, water, health	¹⁴²⁴
North-east and the Alps	glacier loss, storms, landslides	hydro, forests, tourism	²⁶
Central Italy	earthquakes, landslides, heat	buildings, cultural heritage	¹⁵
Lazio and Rome	heat, flash floods	health, cities	⁴
Campania and the Campi Flegrei	volcanic unrest, earthquakes, landslides	dense settlement, health	¹⁶
Apulia and Basilicata	drought, Xylella, heat	agriculture, water	¹⁹
Calabria and Sicily	wildfire, earthquakes, drought	forests, water, agriculture	²⁰
Sardinia	wildfire, drought	forests, agriculture	²⁰

The leading compound pathway runs through the Po basin and Romagna, where 2022 drought was followed by the 2023 floods.

PO BASIN

Drought, then flood

Ground uplift and earthquakes beneath a densely populated area make readiness the central question.

CAMPI FLEGREI

A volcano under a city

Drought, wildfire and Xylella combine in Apulia, Sicily, Calabria and Sardinia.

THE SOUTH

Water, fire and olives

B.4Atlas card, the Po basin and Romagna

river basin
irrigation district
floodplain
region

Systems in view: water, food, energy, health, infrastructure
Defining events: record low Po flows in summer 2022²⁴; May 2023 floods in Emilia-Romagna, 17 deaths, about €8.5 billion¹⁴
Couplings: WAT → FOO irrigation; WAT → ENE hydro; CLI → INF floods on dried soils
Capability evidence: water-severity observatory and regional civil protection used in real events
Gaps: storage and allocation in drought; exposure of homes and lifelines
Agenda items: A-01 · A-02 · A-03

The Po basin carries much of Italy’s farm output; in 2022 its flows fell to the lowest in about seventy years [24].

DROUGHT

The river that feeds a third of the harvest

In May 2023 two storms in two weeks broke riverbanks and triggered hundreds of landslides in Romagna [14].

FLOOD

Rain on hardened soils

With few homes insured, reconstruction relied on public funds and emergency decrees [13].

RECOVERY

Public funds carry the load

B.5Italy system card

The card through which Italy appears in the Europe regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.

Table B.5Italy system card
System	Baseline state	Coupling to watch	Coverage
Water	network losses and drought on the Po	drought into food and energy	GOOD
Energy	41.2% renewables in demand	hydro in dry years	GOOD
Food	leading EU producer	drought and Xylella	PARTIAL
Health	Europe’s highest heat-death count in 2022	heat and care capacity	GOOD
Biodiversity	rich, under wildfire and pest pressure	fire and land use	PARTIAL

The Italy card sits beside its neighbours; Alpine water, electricity trade and Mediterranean hazards are read as one regional system.

EUROPE REGIONAL EDITION

One regional system

Italian evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers.

GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES

Same findings, same IDs

In the global edition Italy is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.

GLOBAL FLAGSHIP

Peers, not ranks

Context

Archetype: high-income republic with high seismic, volcanic and hydrogeological exposure
Population: 58.9 million (1 January 2025)⁶
Emissions: 30% below 1990 (2024)¹
Electricity: 41.2% of demand met by renewables (2024)⁷

B.6Licences

Table B.6Licences of each kind of material
Material	Licence
Text	CC BY 4.0
Data	on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0
Figures	Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited
Maps	boundary source and licence printed on each plate
Metadata	CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it
Third-party data, figures and text	The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed
Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.

B.7Formats and provenance

Table B.7This edition in every format
Format	Kind	State	What it is	Identifier
Web edition	HTML	On this site	Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.	NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Print edition	PDF	At release	A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.	NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Indicator data	CSV · JSON	On this site	16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.	NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE data release v1
Figures	SVG · PNG	On this site	4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.	FIG-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-*
Slides	PDF	Not recorded	No slide deck is recorded for this edition.
Evidence brief	HTML · PDF	Not recorded	No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.
Dataset with DOI	DataCite	At release	Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.

Provenance

Edition pack: The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
Evidence cut: NQ-ITA-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026
Reproducibility: sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
Self-check: 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
Review: five passes scheduled before release
Publisher of record: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
Corrections: Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.back
40Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale Integrato per l’Energia e il Clima (PNIEC), final version. MASE, Rome, June 2024.back
7Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025.back
8Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.back
4J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. Méndez Turrubiates et al., “Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,” Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857–1866, 2023.back
5E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. Méndez Turrubiates et al., “Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,” Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101–3105, 2024.back
14Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.back
11ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosità e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.back
12ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell’Istat sull’acqua, anni 2020–2023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.back
13ANIA (ed.), L’assicurazione italiana 2024–2025 and Relazione del Presidente all’Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.back
6ISTAT (ed.), Indicatori demografici, anno 2024. ISTAT, Rome, March 2025.back
20J. San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (eds.), Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2021. Joint Research Centre, Ispra, 2022.back
3ISPRA (ed.), Le emissioni di gas serra in Italia: obiettivi di riduzione e scenari emissivi. ISPRA, Rome, 2026.back
16INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024–2025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.back
21ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.back
26A. Bondesan and R. G. Francese, “The climate-driven disaster of the Marmolada Glacier (Italy),” Geomorphology, vol. 431, 108687, 2023.back
24Autorità di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severità idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.back
15Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016–2017: bilancio e attività. DPC, Rome, 2017.back
19K. Schneider, W. van der Werf, M. Cendoya et al., “Impact of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca in European olives,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, pp. 9250–9259, 2020.back

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex B: Data appendix. In Italy Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Italy’s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report