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class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Italy Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The State of Italy\u2019s Interdependent Systems<\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ITA<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Italy 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\">The State of Italy\u2019s Interdependent Systems<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut NQ-ITA-2026-Q0-1<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Italy <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Italy\u2019s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Italy\u2019s risk is coupled, not cumulative<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Drought-to-flood year<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Lenses and readings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>13 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Italy enters 2027 having cut its greenhouse-gas emissions to 363 Mt CO\u2082e in 2024, 3.6% below 2023 and 30% below 1990, but with transport emissions still above their 1990 level and the 2030 effort-sharing target out of reach on current policies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Renewables met 41.2% of electricity demand in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>, and Russian gas fell from about 40% of imports in 2021 to under 5% by 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. 2024 was the warmest year in the national record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>; Italy recorded 18,010 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">heat-related deaths<\/a> in the summer of 2022, more than any other European country<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. About 94% of municipalities are exposed to landslides, floods or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h21\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.surface.coastal-erosion\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Erosion and sediment movement\" data-td=\"Retreat of the shoreline and cliffs under waves, currents and storms, removing land and exposing buildings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H21\" data-tr=\"draft\">coastal erosion<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>; the May 2023 floods in Emilia-Romagna caused damage of about \u20ac8.5 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>; and 40% of buildings stand in zones of medium to high seismic hazard, yet only 7.3% of homes are insured against <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a> and flood<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>. This Baseline Edition fixes the reference state for the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, maps the dependencies through which shocks travel, and sets the questions the first operational edition will answer in Q1 2027. It ranks nothing and decides nothing.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">363 Mt CO\u2082e in 2024, 30% below 1990, but transport keeps rising and the 2030 effort-sharing target is off track.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Where do emissions stand?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">2024 was the warmest year in the Italian record; the national adaptation plan was approved in December 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is the climate already changing?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Italy recorded 18,010 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">heat-related deaths<\/a> in summer 2022 and 12,743 in 2023, mostly among older people.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Who is most exposed to heat?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About 94% of municipalities face <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h19\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.slope.slide\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Slope failure and mass movement\" data-td=\"A mass of soil or rock moving downslope along a defined shear surface, from slow creep to sudden failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H19\" data-tr=\"draft\">landslide<\/a>, flood or erosion hazard; 6.8 million people live in medium flood-hazard areas.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How exposed is the territory?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Only 7.3% of homes are insured against <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a> and flood; the State has acted as insurer of last resort.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Who carries disaster losses?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Russian gas fell from about 40% of imports to under 5%; renewables met 41.2% of demand in 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How did energy cope with 2022?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">42.4% of the water fed into municipal networks was lost in 2022.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How secure is water supply?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A drought-to-flood year: a hot, dry summer on the Po followed by autumn cloudbursts on dried soils. SCN-ITA-DFL-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will Q1 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Italy recorded 18,010 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">heat-related deaths<\/a> in the summer of 2022, the highest number of any European country, and a further 12,743 in 2023.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-fig1-t\">Heat-related deaths in Italy<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Summer 2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">18,010<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Summer 2023<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"70.8\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">12,743<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Sources: Ballester et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>; Gallo et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">Heat falls hardest on older people, and Italy has one of the oldest populations in Europe. Heat is therefore as much a question of care, housing and isolation as of meteorology, and it coincides with drought and peak power demand<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">58.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>population, 1 January 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">363<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mt CO\u2082e<\/span><p>emissions, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">41.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>renewables in electricity demand, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">18,010<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>heat-related, summer 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224894<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>municipalities exposed to hydrogeological hazard<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">42.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>water lost in networks, 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports a coupled reading of Italian risk.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people risk arrives as a heatwave, a flooded street or a crack after an earthquake.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Very low insurance take-up, a new business insurance mandate and an effort-sharing gap show where finance-readiness evidence will matter.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Italy observes its hazards well, its seismic and volcanic monitoring is among the strongest anywhere, but its territory, buildings and networks carry deep exposure that is mostly uninsured.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the state of Italy\u2019s water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in 2026, the dependencies between them, the risks that travel through them and the capabilities that hold them. It sets the questions the operational series will answer.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a national <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk assessment<\/a>, an official warning or a rating. It decides nothing about any ministry, region, municipality, operator or company. Competent authorities at national, regional and local level keep every mandate they hold.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>Q1 2027 opens the operational series with a sealed Foundry evidence cut. Each later edition reports what changed against this baseline, new observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Le emissioni di gas serra in Italia: obiettivi di riduzione e scenari emissivi. ISPRA, Rome, 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale di Adattamento ai Cambiamenti Climatici (PNACC). MASE, Rome, December 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101\u20133105, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Indicatori demografici, anno 2024. ISTAT, Rome, March 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Italy\u2019s risk is coupled, not cumulative<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It assesses no authority and ranks no region or municipality.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>19 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is Canada\u2019s risk concentrated, and in which <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry shocks from one system to the next?<\/li><li>Which capabilities hold under compound stress, and which are only documented?<\/li><li>What must the 2027 programme measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Italy\u2019s hazards are usually counted one at a time: an <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a>, a flood, a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a>, a drought. This baseline reads them as one coupled system. In 2022 the Po fell to its lowest summer flows in about seventy years<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup>, the Marmolada glacier collapsed in the heat and killed eleven people<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup>, and Italy recorded 18,010 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">heat-related deaths<\/a>, more than any other European country<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. In May 2023 the rain returned on dried soils: floods in Emilia-Romagna killed 17 people and caused damage of about \u20ac8.5 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The forcing is measurable. 2024 was the warmest year in the national record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>, and heat caused a further 12,743 deaths in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>. A national adaptation plan was approved in December 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>. About 94% of municipalities are exposed to landslides, floods or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h21\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.surface.coastal-erosion\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Erosion and sediment movement\" data-td=\"Retreat of the shoreline and cliffs under waves, currents and storms, removing land and exposing buildings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H21\" data-tr=\"draft\">coastal erosion<\/a>; 6.8 million people live in areas of medium flood hazard and 1.3 million in areas of high <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h19\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.slope.slide\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Slope failure and mass movement\" data-td=\"A mass of soil or rock moving downslope along a defined shear surface, from slow creep to sudden failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H19\" data-tr=\"draft\">landslide<\/a> hazard<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The ground itself is a hazard. About 40% of buildings stand in zones of medium to high seismic hazard<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>; the earthquake of 24 August 2016 in central Italy killed 299 people<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>; and unrest at the Campi Flegrei, beneath a densely populated area west of Naples, produced earthquakes of magnitude 4.4 in May 2024 and 4.6 in March 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Water and energy couple drought to the economy. In dry summers the same rivers supply irrigation, hydropower and cities, while 42.4% of the water fed into municipal networks was lost in 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>. Renewables met 41.2% of electricity demand in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>, and Russian gas fell from about 40% of imports in 2021 to under 5% by 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. Emissions fell to 363 Mt CO\u2082e in 2024, 30% below 1990, but transport is still above its 1990 level<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Losses fall mostly outside insurance. Only 7.3% of homes are insured against earthquake and flood<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>; recovery has relied on the State as insurer of last resort. Since 2025 businesses must insure against natural catastrophes, but about 16% were compliant a year after the mandate began<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>This edition therefore treats Italian risk as a property of couplings, between heat, rivers, slopes, faults, networks and health, rather than a list of separate hazards. The matrix, risk objects, capability ladder and scenario that follow ask where a shock travels next and who holds the capability to stop it.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-fig1-t\">Where do Italy\u2019s emissions come from? Share of national emissions by sector, 2024 (%)<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Transport emits more than any other sector and is the only major sector still above its 1990 level; more than 90% of it is road transport. Energy production has cut its emissions most since 1990<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Transport<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">31.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Residential<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"59.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">18.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Energy production<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"56.4\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">17.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Manufacturing<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"40.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">12.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">All other sectors<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"64.4\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">20.1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2024.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">31<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>transport share of emissions, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">+11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>transport emissions since 1990<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">41.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>renewables in electricity demand, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u221243.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>2030 effort-sharing target against 2005<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The Italy matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">nuclear cooling \u00b7 hydro<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">irrigation \u00b7 rain-fed yield<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">drinking water<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">flows \u00b7 wetlands<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pumping \u00b7 treatment<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">fuel \u00b7 fertiliser \u00b7 cold chain<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">facility power \u00b7 cooling<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">reservoirs \u00b7 land use<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">withdrawals \u00b7 nutrients<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">biofuel feedstock<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">nutrition \u00b7 food safety<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land conversion<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">labour \u00b7 disease<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">residues<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regulation \u00b7 filtration<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">fire on lines \u00b7 biomass<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pollination \u00b7 soils<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">zoonoses \u00b7 smoke<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 WAT \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Drought on the Po cuts irrigation and harvests.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 WAT \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Cloudbursts on dried soils trigger floods and landslides.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> May 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Heatwaves raise deaths among older people.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A gas supply shock raises costs for industry and households.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">BIO \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Xylella kills olive groves in Apulia.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> since 2013<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.4<\/span><span>Reinforcing loops<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A shock entering either system of a loop can return amplified through the other.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Pairs of systems where both directions are rated strong<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Loop<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First direction<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Second direction<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT and BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Water to biodiversity: flows \u00b7 wetlands<\/td><td>Biodiversity to water: regulation \u00b7 filtration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO and BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Food to biodiversity: land conversion<\/td><td>Biodiversity to food: pollination \u00b7 soils<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"3\">A causal-loop reading of the matrix (Sterman, Business Dynamics, 2000): structural, from estimated strengths, not a measured feedback.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>A. Bondesan and R. G. Francese, \u201cThe climate-driven disaster of the Marmolada Glacier (Italy),\u201d Geomorphology, vol. 431, 108687, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101\u20133105, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale di Adattamento ai Cambiamenti Climatici (PNACC). MASE, Rome, December 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016\u20132017: bilancio e attivit\u00e0. DPC, Rome, 2017.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Parlamento (ed.), Legge 30 dicembre 2023, n. 213, art. 1, commi 101\u2013111: obbligo di copertura assicurativa contro i rischi catastrofali per le imprese. Gazzetta Ufficiale, Rome, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale Integrato per l\u2019Energia e il Clima (PNIEC), final version. MASE, Rome, June 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>CREA (ed.), Annuario dell\u2019agricoltura italiana 2022. CREA, Rome, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c1-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>K. Schneider, W. van der Werf, M. Cendoya et al., \u201cImpact of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca in European olives,\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, pp. 9250\u20139259, 2020.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the baseline. They are grouped by system, never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>3 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Italy recorded 18,010 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">heat-related deaths<\/a> in the summer of 2022, the highest number of any European country, and a further 12,743 in 2023.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-fig1-t\">Heat-related deaths in Italy<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Summer 2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">18,010<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Summer 2023<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"70.8\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">12,743<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Sources: Ballester et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>; Gallo et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Heat falls hardest on older people, and Italy has one of the oldest populations in Europe. Heat is therefore as much a question of care, housing and isolation as of meteorology, and it coincides with drought and peak power demand<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Heat-health alerts each summer, cooling in care homes and attributable-death estimates for 2024 and 2025 would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Climate forcing<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Greenhouse-gas emissions were 363 Mt CO\u2082e in 2024, 3.6% below 2023 and 30.2% below 1990.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Transport emissions are about 11% above 1990, and the 2030 effort-sharing target of \u221243.7% against 2005 is off track on current policies.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-003\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">2024 was the warmest year in the Italian record.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Health<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Italy recorded 18,010 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">heat-related deaths<\/a> in summer 2022, the highest number of any European country.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-005\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A further 12,743 heat-related deaths were estimated in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Water<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The May 2023 floods in Emilia-Romagna killed 17 people and caused damage of about \u20ac8.5 billion.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">About 94% of municipalities are exposed to landslides, floods or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h21\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.surface.coastal-erosion\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Erosion and sediment movement\" data-td=\"Retreat of the shoreline and cliffs under waves, currents and storms, removing land and exposing buildings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H21\" data-tr=\"draft\">coastal erosion<\/a>; 6.8 million people live in medium flood-hazard areas and 1.3 million in high landslide-hazard areas.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-008\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">42.4% of the water fed into municipal networks was lost in 2022.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Energy<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Renewables met 41.2% of electricity demand in 2024; Russian gas fell from about 40% of imports in 2021 to under 5% by 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Geopolitics<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-GEO-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-GEO-010\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-GEO-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">About 40% of buildings stand in medium-high seismic zones; the 2016 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a> killed 299 people, and the Campi Flegrei produced M4.4 and M4.6 earthquakes in 2024\u20132025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Only 7.3% of homes are insured against <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a> and flood, and about 16% of firms complied with the business insurance mandate a year after it began.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.8<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a drought-to-flood year: a hot, dry summer on the Po followed by autumn cloudbursts on dried soils. \u00a79.3<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101\u20133105, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Indicatori demografici, anno 2024. ISTAT, Rome, March 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Le emissioni di gas serra in Italia: obiettivi di riduzione e scenari emissivi. ISPRA, Rome, 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016\u20132017: bilancio e attivit\u00e0. DPC, Rome, 2017.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Parlamento (ed.), Legge 30 dicembre 2023, n. 213, art. 1, commi 101\u2013111: obbligo di copertura assicurativa contro i rischi catastrofali per le imprese. Gazzetta Ufficiale, Rome, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>4 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WAT \u00b7 Water<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Water lost in municipal distribution networks<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">42.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of the water fed into networks, one of the highest loss rates in the EU.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2022<\/span><span>ISTAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ENE \u00b7 Energy<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Renewable share of electricity demand<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">41.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Russian gas fell from about 40% of imports in 2021 to under 5% by 2023.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>Terna<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 MASE<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FOO \u00b7 Food<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Share of EU agricultural output<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224814<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>among the largest producers in the EU.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>Eurostat<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Health<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Heat-related deaths, summer<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">18,010<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>the highest number of any European country in 2022.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2022<\/span><span>Ballester et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">BIO \u00b7 Biodiversity<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Area burned by wildfire<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u2248160k<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hectares<\/span><p>in 2021, concentrated in Sicily, Sardinia and Calabria.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2021<\/span><span>JRC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Homes insured against earthquake and flood<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>while 94% of municipalities face hydrogeological hazard.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>ANIA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 ISPRA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Network losses of 42.4%; drought on the Po in 2022; floods on dried soils in 2023.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT \u2192 FOO \u00b7 WAT \u2192 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Renewables met 41.2% of demand in 2024; Russian gas replaced after 2022.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2190 WAT \u00b7 ENE \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>A leading EU producer; drought and Xylella stress the South.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO \u2190 WAT, BIO<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>18,010 heat deaths in 2022; one of Europe\u2019s oldest populations.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT \u2190 CLI, ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Rich biodiversity; about a fifth of land in Natura 2000; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a> in the South and islands.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO \u2192 WAT, FOO<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>2024 the warmest year on record; Alpine glaciers retreating.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">forcing on all five systems<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>Roads, rail and buildings exposed to landslides, floods and earthquakes.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2190 CLI, GEO<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Only 7.3% of homes insured against <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a> and flood.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2190 CLI, GEO \u00b7 FIN \u2192 households, State<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Data-centre growth around Milan adds grid demand.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT \u2190 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>Compute growth not yet consolidated in national statistics.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Manufacturing depends on imported raw materials and energy.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2192 industry<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Export-led manufacturing and agri-food exposed to energy and freight shocks.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD \u2194 ENE, FOO<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened on the same grammar, so that later editions can say what changed. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>coupled drought, heat and floods<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>drought-to-flood years<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>42.4% network losses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>drought; floods<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>41.2% renewables in demand<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>hydro in dry years; gas supply<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>\u224814% of EU output<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>drought; Xylella<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>18,010 heat deaths, 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat among older people<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>7.3% of homes insured<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>uninsured disaster losses<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>gaps between North and South<\/td><td>services after disasters<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>warmest year 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat, drought, cloudbursts<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>2016 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a>; 2023 floods<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>earthquakes; floods; landslides<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>networks on unstable slopes<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>landslides; seismic damage<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>urban heat; flash floods<\/td><td>heat in dense cities<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>about a fifth of land in Natura 2000<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a>; Xylella<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>strong seismic and volcanic monitoring<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>data integration<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>data-centre growth<\/td><td>outages and attacks<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>adaptation plan; insurance mandate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>implementation<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>strong geoscience base<\/td><td>translation into operations<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Eurostat (ed.), Economic accounts for agriculture: agricultural output by Member State, 2024. Eurostat, Luxembourg, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>J. San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (eds.), Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2021. Joint Research Centre, Ispra, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016\u20132017: bilancio e attivit\u00e0. DPC, Rome, 2017.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Annuario dei dati ambientali 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale di Adattamento ai Cambiamenti Climatici (PNACC). MASE, Rome, December 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Parlamento (ed.), Legge 30 dicembre 2023, n. 213, art. 1, commi 101\u2013111: obbligo di copertura assicurativa contro i rischi catastrofali per le imprese. Gazzetta Ufficiale, Rome, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>3 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>11 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-ITA-CLI-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Extreme heat<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>heatwaves and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hot-nights\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Nights that stay hot enough to prevent the body recovering from daytime heat, raising deaths among older and sick people and in poorly ventilated homes.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">tropical nights<\/a><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>older people; dense cities<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>one of Europe\u2019s oldest populations; housing without cooling<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>heat-health alert system; summer plans<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 HLT \u00b7 CLI \u2192 ENE<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>seasonal<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-ITA-WAT-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Drought in the Po basin and the South<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>dry winters; low Alpine snowpack; hot summers<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>irrigation, hydropower, drinking water<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>network losses of 42.4%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>basin water-severity observatories<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>WAT \u2192 FOO, ENE, HLT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>seasonal \u00b7 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-ITA-CLI-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Floods and landslides<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>cloudbursts; autumn storms<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>6.8 million in medium flood hazard; 1.3 million in high <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h19\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.slope.slide\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Slope failure and mass movement\" data-td=\"A mass of soil or rock moving downslope along a defined shear surface, from slow creep to sudden failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H19\" data-tr=\"draft\">landslide<\/a> hazard<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>building on unstable slopes and floodplains<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>regional alert centres; civil protection<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 WAT \u2192 INF, HLT, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>annual<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-ITA-GEO-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Earthquakes and volcanic unrest<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>active faults; Campi Flegrei uplift<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>about 40% of buildings in medium-high seismic zones<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>older building stock; dense settlement<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>seismic monitoring; civil protection; evacuation plans<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>GEO \u2192 INF, HLT, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>any time<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>hydrogeological plans and seismic codes; much building stock predates them<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>INGV seismic and volcanic monitoring in continuous use<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>national and regional weather alerts used in real events<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>national adaptation plan, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>; national <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk assessment<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>gas supply diversified after 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>national civil-protection system in earthquakes and floods<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>sector continuity plans; networks hit hard in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>State-funded reconstruction after earthquakes and floods<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>PNACC measures, implementation under way<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>income support; disaster-specific cover uneven<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>business mandate since 2025 with low uptake; 7.3% of homes insured<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>national civil-protection service linking State, regions and municipalities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>water networks losing 42.4% of supply<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>volunteer-based civil protection; health staffing pressures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>strong geoscience, climate and agronomic research<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Assessment<\/a>: Overview of the Potential Major Disasters in Italy. DPC, Rome, 2018.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale di Adattamento ai Cambiamenti Climatici (PNACC). MASE, Rome, December 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016\u20132017: bilancio e attivit\u00e0. DPC, Rome, 2017.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Parlamento (ed.), Legge 30 dicembre 2023, n. 213, art. 1, commi 101\u2013111: obbligo di copertura assicurativa contro i rischi catastrofali per le imprese. Gazzetta Ufficiale, Rome, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Drought-to-flood year<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>6 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a dry winter with low Alpine snowpack; a hot summer with repeated heatwaves; intense autumn cloudbursts on dried, hardened soils<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>the 2022 drought and heat<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup>; the May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled, the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified Foundry run scheduled for Q1 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">low snowpack and heat cut the Po to record low flows<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">irrigation cuts and heat reduce harvests<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">hydro output falls; more gas generation<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">heat deaths among older people rise<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 BIO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">wildfires in the South and the islands<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">autumn cloudbursts on dried soils trigger floods and landslides<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01 would travel through Italy&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Climate to water<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Low snowpack and heat cut the Po to record low flows. Analogue or source: 2022 [24].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition ITA, scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Water to food<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Irrigation cuts and heat reduce harvests. Analogue or source: 2022 [23].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition ITA, scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Water to energy<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Hydro output falls; more gas generation. Analogue or source: 2022 [1].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition ITA, scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Climate to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Heat deaths among older people rise. Analogue or source: 2022 [4].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition ITA, scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Climate to biodiversity<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Wildfires in the South and the islands. Analogue or source: 2021 [20].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition ITA, scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Climate to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Autumn cloudbursts on dried soils trigger floods and landslides. Analogue or source: 2023 [14].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition ITA, scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Italy 2026, scenario SCN-ITA-DFL-01<\/a> (2026); Italy 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>CREA (ed.), Annuario dell\u2019agricoltura italiana 2022. CREA, Rome, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c5-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>J. San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (eds.), Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2021. Joint Research Centre, Ispra, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c5-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Lenses and readings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>27 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people risk arrives as a heatwave, a flooded street or a crack after an earthquake. The baseline asks that these be read as one system, and that public debate weigh who carries the losses when fewer than one home in ten is insured.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">HLT-004 \u00b7 FIN-011 \u00b7 GEO-010<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports a coupled reading of Italian risk. Heat, drought, cloudbursts, landslides and earthquakes are already recorded, and their losses fall mostly outside insurance. Evidence is strongest for emissions, heat mortality and hydrogeological exposure, and weakest for cross-system dependencies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">CLI-001 \u00b7 HLT-004 \u00b7 WAT-007 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Very low insurance take-up<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>, a new business insurance mandate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup> and an effort-sharing gap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup> show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-011 \u00b7 CLI-002<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Italy observes its hazards well, its seismic and volcanic monitoring is among the strongest anywhere, but its territory, buildings and networks carry deep exposure that is mostly uninsured. The 2027 programme should test the drought-to-flood year, map hydrogeological exposure and measure who carries the losses.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 A-01 \u00b7 A-02 \u00b7 A-03<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">In 2022 the Po ran lower than in seventy years; in May 2023 rain on hardened soils flooded Romagna. Italy plans for drought and flood separately, but the most damaging years now bring both, one after the other, on the same land.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Drought, then flood<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Italy recorded more heat-related deaths in 2022 than any other European country, in one of Europe\u2019s oldest populations. Heat planning is therefore care planning: cooling, check-ins and housing as much as forecasts.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>Heat is a question of age<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">With fewer than one home in ten insured against earthquake and flood, recovery has rested on public funds. The 2025 business insurance mandate is a first step; who carries household losses remains an open fiscal question.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>The State as insurer<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">More than two-fifths of the water put into municipal networks is lost. In a warming climate, every litre that leaks in a dry summer is a litre taken from farms, rivers or the next drought reserve.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Water lost before it is used<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from working groups, consortium institutions and invited experts begin with the Q1 2027 edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: q1 2027 readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the first operational quarter. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Q1 2027 readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First Q1 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>National risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 six proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>NWG delivery register<\/td><td>no groups yet<\/td><td>first monthly outputs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>NNC capability register<\/td><td>membership opens in Q1 2027<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>NLC questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>environment prepared<\/td><td>first sealed cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first correction cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no public authority.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ADOPTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN CONSULTATION<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>European Climate Law<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>\u221255% by 2030; neutrality by 2050<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Effort Sharing Regulation target \u221243.7%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>non-ETS emissions to 2030<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National energy and climate plan, PNIEC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>MASE<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>SUBMITTED 2024<\/td><td>emissions and energy pathway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National adaptation plan, PNACC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>MASE<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>APPROVED 2023<\/td><td>adaptation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Business catastrophe insurance, Law 213\/2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Parliament<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>IN FORCE \u00b7 2025<\/td><td>mandatory cover for firms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Seismic building standards (NTC)<\/td><td>Ministry of Infrastructure<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>seismic design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk assessment<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>DPC<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2018<\/td><td>disaster risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> 2015\u20132030<\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>international<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2015<\/td><td>disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Mandatory catastrophe insurance for businesses began in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The final national energy and climate plan was submitted in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Campi Flegrei unrest intensified in 2024\u20132025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Compliance with the insurance mandate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Implementation of the national adaptation plan<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Progress on the effort-sharing target<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. A change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers statutory assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in Q1 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about Italy\u2019s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks and its geohazards?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>peer-reviewed literature; statutory plans and assessments; official statistics; agency and insurance data<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Assessments and peer-reviewed science<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ballester et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat deaths 2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gallo et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat deaths 2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Schneider et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>Xylella<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bondesan and Francese<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>Marmolada collapse<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lee and Romero (eds.)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>global forcing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zscheischler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>compound events<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>McElwee et al. (eds.)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>nexus interlinkages<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional reports<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Hydrogeological report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISPRA<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National adaptation plan<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>MASE<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>adaptation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk assessment<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>DPC<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>capability<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Official statistics and agency data<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Inventory 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISPRA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>emissions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Terna<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>power mix<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>MASE<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>gas supply<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISPRA \u00b7 SNPA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>warmest year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISTAT<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>network losses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISTAT<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Po severity bulletins<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>AdBPo<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>drought<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Insurance, geohazards and nature<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Insurance yearbook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ANIA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>cover<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Protection gap<\/a> dashboard<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EIOPA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>protection gap<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Campi Flegrei bulletins<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>INGV<\/td><td>2024\u201325<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h18\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.eruptive.volcanic-unrest\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Eruption products and unrest\" data-td=\"Rising earthquakes, ground swelling or gas release at a volcano that may or may not end in an eruption.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H18\" data-tr=\"draft\">volcanic unrest<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>DPC<\/td><td>2017<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>seismic losses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emilia-Romagna floods<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Regione Emilia-Romagna<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>flood damage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Forest fires 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>JRC<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Heat is Italy\u2019s deadliest climate hazard<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Most of the territory faces hydrogeological hazard<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Disaster losses are largely uninsured<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How often drought and flood will follow each other<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How the Campi Flegrei unrest will evolve<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How fast the business insurance mandate will be met<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEWS AND PREPRINTS<\/p><p>No news report or preprint binds a finding in this edition. News is used only to date events.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Parlamento (ed.), Legge 30 dicembre 2023, n. 213, art. 1, commi 101\u2013111: obbligo di copertura assicurativa contro i rischi catastrofali per le imprese. Gazzetta Ufficiale, Rome, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Le emissioni di gas serra in Italia: obiettivi di riduzione e scenari emissivi. ISPRA, Rome, 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council of the European Union (eds.), Regulation (EU) 2021\/1119 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality (European Climate Law). Official Journal L 243, 9 July 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale Integrato per l\u2019Energia e il Clima (PNIEC), final version. MASE, Rome, June 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale di Adattamento ai Cambiamenti Climatici (PNACC). MASE, Rome, December 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Assessment<\/a>: Overview of the Potential Major Disasters in Italy. DPC, Rome, 2018.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101\u20133105, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>K. Schneider, W. van der Werf, M. Cendoya et al., \u201cImpact of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca in European olives,\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, pp. 9250\u20139259, 2020.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>A. Bondesan and R. G. Francese, \u201cThe climate-driven disaster of the Marmolada Glacier (Italy),\u201d Geomorphology, vol. 431, 108687, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2023: Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13850054\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Indicatori demografici, anno 2024. ISTAT, Rome, March 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>EIOPA (ed.), Dashboard on insurance <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">protection gap<\/a> for natural catastrophes. EIOPA, Frankfurt, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016\u20132017: bilancio e attivit\u00e0. DPC, Rome, 2017.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>J. San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (eds.), Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2021. Joint Research Centre, Ispra, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 National Agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due at the Q1 2027 cut.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>4 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would a drought-to-flood year travel through agriculture, hydropower, health and slopes, a hot, dry summer on the Po followed by autumn cloudbursts on dried soils?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-ITA-DFL-01 \u00b7 drought-to-flood year; first output: dependency graph for the Po basin and Romagna.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which homes, schools and lifelines sit in high flood and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h19\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.slope.slide\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Slope failure and mass movement\" data-td=\"A mass of soil or rock moving downslope along a defined shear surface, from slow creep to sudden failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H19\" data-tr=\"draft\">landslide<\/a> hazard areas, municipality by municipality?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-ITA-HGR-02 \u00b7 hydrogeological exposure; first output: exposure register by municipality.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Where does the uninsured share of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a>, flood and landslide losses land, and how would wider cover change it?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-ITA-FIN-03 \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">protection gap<\/a> and fiscal backstop; first output: loss-sharing table, 2009\u20132025.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How prepared are the communities around the Campi Flegrei for a further escalation of unrest?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-ITA-GEO-04 \u00b7 seismic and volcanic readiness; first output: readiness note with evidence grades.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What heat surge capacity exists for older people at home and in care in the largest cities?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-ITA-HLT-05 \u00b7 heat surge readiness; first output: surge baseline for five cities.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How much drought resilience would cutting network losses and adding storage buy in the South and the islands?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">With GS-01 Water; first output: loss and storage note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How are Xylella, drought and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a> changing olive groves and Mediterranean ecosystems?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in Q1 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only documented?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">National capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for admission at the Q1 2027 alignment. They are programme objects, no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-ITA-DFL-01<\/span><\/td><td>Drought-to-flood year dependency model<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-ITA-HGR-02<\/span><\/td><td>Hydrogeological exposure register<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-ITA-FIN-03<\/span><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Protection gap<\/a> and fiscal backstop<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-ITA-GEO-04<\/span><\/td><td>Seismic and volcanic readiness<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-ITA-HLT-05<\/span><\/td><td>Heat surge readiness<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-ITA-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Drought-to-flood year Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Italy is the national pathway through which the Nexus operating system will run from 2027, across the twenty regions. At baseline the pathway is designed and its records are prepared; its councils and working groups are constituted from Q1 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next, nothing more.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">One National Agenda<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">bounded national questions for the year<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">DRAFT 2027 \u00b7 agenda review at the Q1 alignment<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Desk<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">coordination, records, routing and continuity<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">DESIGNED \u00b7 constituted in Q1 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">the country as a system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with the first Foundry cut<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Portfolio<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">risks, capabilities, initiatives, projects, missions<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">7 PROPOSED \u00b7 admission at the Q1 alignment<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Foundry<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">continuous computational environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PREPARED \u00b7 first sealed cut NQ-ITA-2027-Q1<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Reports<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">quarterly and annual publication<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE ISSUED \u00b7 Q1 2027 \u00b7 State &amp; Agenda<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate set in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">after-action, correction and renewal<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in Q2 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027, evidence pack for the candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027, evidence pack for the candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>Q4 2027 annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-ITA-2027-01 \u00b7 drought-to-flood year<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor (NLC) \u00b7 Institutional anchor (NNC) \u00b7 Mission lead (NWG)<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CLI-001 \u00b7 emissions<\/td><td>public record<\/td><td>reference for the 2027 series<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-004 \u00b7 heat deaths<\/td><td>INI-ITA-HLT-05<\/td><td>heat surge readiness<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WAT-006 \u00b7 2023 floods<\/td><td>INI-ITA-DFL-01<\/td><td>drought-to-flood year<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WAT-007 \u00b7 hydrogeological exposure<\/td><td>INI-ITA-HGR-02<\/td><td>exposure register<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WAT-008 \u00b7 network losses<\/td><td>GS-01 Water edition<\/td><td>loss and storage note<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GEO-010 \u00b7 seismic and volcanic<\/td><td>INI-ITA-GEO-04<\/td><td>readiness note<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-011 \u00b7 insurance cover<\/td><td>INI-ITA-FIN-03 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>loss sharing<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-ITA-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the national pathway<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. Competent authorities receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from Q1 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>National weather and hydrogeological alerts<\/td><td>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile<\/td><td>daily<\/td><td>early-warning rung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Seismic and volcanic monitoring<\/td><td>INGV<\/td><td>real time<\/td><td>RSK-ITA-GEO-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water-severity bulletins<\/td><td>basin district authorities<\/td><td>weekly in season<\/td><td>RSK-ITA-WAT-002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat-health alert bulletins<\/td><td>Ministry of Health<\/td><td>daily in season<\/td><td>RSK-ITA-CLI-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity data<\/td><td>Terna<\/td><td>real time<\/td><td>ENE findings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h19\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.slope.slide\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Slope failure and mass movement\" data-td=\"A mass of soil or rock moving downslope along a defined shear surface, from slow creep to sudden failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H19\" data-tr=\"draft\">Landslide<\/a> and flood inventories (IdroGEO)<\/td><td>ISPRA<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>RSK-ITA-CLI-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fire-danger forecasts<\/td><td>EFFIS \u00b7 regional services<\/td><td>daily in season<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">quarterly publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-ITA-001<\/td><td>Drought followed by <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\">intense rainfall<\/a> on dried soils<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c7-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c7-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>WAT \u00b7 INF<\/td><td>initiative A-01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-ITA-002<\/td><td>Uplift and seismicity at the Campi Flegrei<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c7-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>GEO \u00b7 HLT<\/td><td>initiative A-04<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-ITA-003<\/td><td>Low compliance with the business insurance mandate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c7-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>FIN<\/td><td>initiative A-03<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official vigilance or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c7-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c7-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c7-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c7-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c7-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>18 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Water, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Italy\u2019s water risk runs at both extremes, drought on the Po and in the South, floods and landslides on dried soils, while two-fifths of network supply is lost.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">42.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>water lost in networks, 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224894<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>municipalities exposed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2022<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">record<\/span><p>low Po flows<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Losses<\/td><td>42.4% of water fed into networks lost<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Drought<\/td><td>Po at its lowest summer flows in about seventy years in 2022<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Floods<\/td><td>Emilia-Romagna, May 2023: 17 deaths, about \u20ac8.5 billion<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Exposure<\/td><td>6.8 million residents in medium flood-hazard areas<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>WAT \u2192 FOO irrigation<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 ENE hydropower<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 FIN uninsured flood losses<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>storage and allocation in drought<\/li><li>exposure of homes and lifelines<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Po flows each summer; water-severity bulletins; network investment.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">REG-EUR Europe<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-05 Finance<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Water management rests with the State, basin district authorities, regions and utilities under their own mandates; this chapter assesses none of them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Energy, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Italy replaced most Russian gas within two years and met 41.2% of electricity demand from renewables in 2024; hydro output still swings with drought.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">41.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>renewables in demand, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&lt;5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Russian share of gas imports, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22123.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>emissions, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Renewables<\/td><td>41.2% of electricity demand in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gas<\/td><td>Russian share cut from about 40% to under 5%<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hydro<\/td><td>output falls in drought years<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emissions<\/td><td>363 Mt CO\u2082e in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>WAT \u2192 ENE hydropower<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 HLT cooling<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 industry costs<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>hydro exposure in dry years<\/li><li>peak demand in heatwaves<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Gas supply each winter; hydro output each summer; renewable build-out.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">REG-EUR Europe<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-05 Finance<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Energy decisions rest with the State, regulators and system operators; this chapter assesses none of them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Food and agrifood, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Italy is one of the EU\u2019s largest agricultural producers. Drought, heat and Xylella stress the most valuable crops.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224814<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of EU agricultural output<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2022<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">drought<\/span><p>harvest losses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">Apulia<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Xylella<\/span><p>olive groves affected<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Production<\/td><td>among the EU\u2019s largest producers<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Drought<\/td><td>harvest losses in 2022<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pests<\/td><td>Xylella fastidiosa in Apulian olive groves<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>irrigation depends on Po and southern reservoirs<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>WAT \u2192 FOO irrigation<\/li><li>BIO \u2192 FOO pests and pollination<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 FOO heat<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>drought losses by region<\/li><li>spread of Xylella<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Harvest estimates after dry summers; Xylella containment; irrigation restrictions.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">REG-EUR Europe<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-05 Finance<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes the food system; it makes no statement on agricultural policy or about any company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Health and One Health, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Heat is Italy\u2019s deadliest climate hazard, and an ageing population raises exposure year by year.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">18,010<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>heat-related, 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12,743<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>heat-related, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2024<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">record<\/span><p>warmest year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Heat 2022<\/td><td>18,010 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">heat-related deaths<\/a><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat 2023<\/td><td>12,743 heat-related deaths<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disasters<\/td><td>deaths and injuries in earthquakes and floods<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Surge capacity<\/td><td>not consolidated nationally<\/td><td>,<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 HLT heat<\/li><li>GEO \u2192 HLT earthquakes<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 HLT cooling and care<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>heat surge capacity<\/li><li>cooling in care homes<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Heat-health alerts; attributable deaths each summer; heat plans in the largest cities.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">REG-EUR Europe<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-05 Finance<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Health-system planning rests with the health authorities and regions. No personal health data are used or shown in Reports.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Biodiversity and ecosystems, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Italy holds some of Europe\u2019s richest biodiversity. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Wildfire<\/a>, drought, pests and glacier loss are reshaping its ecosystems.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u2248160k<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hectares<\/span><p>burned in 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224820<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of land in Natura 2000<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2022<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">collapse<\/span><p>Marmolada glacier<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Wildfire<\/a><\/td><td>about 160,000 ha burned in 2021<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protection<\/td><td>about a fifth of land in Natura 2000<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pests<\/td><td>Xylella in olive groves<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Glaciers<\/td><td>Marmolada collapse, 11 deaths, July 2022<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>BIO \u2192 WAT regulation<\/li><li>BIO \u2192 FOO pollination and pests<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 BIO fire, drought and heat<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ecosystem condition<\/li><li>species trends in the Red Lists<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Wildfire seasons; Red List updates; Alpine <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h15\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 cryo.glacier.glacier-mass-loss\" data-tk=\"Ice and snow \u00b7 Glacier, ice-sheet and permafrost change\" data-td=\"Sustained shrinking of mountain glaciers that first raises and later cuts dry-season river flow and destabilises slopes.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H15\" data-tr=\"draft\">glacier retreat<\/a>.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">REG-EUR Europe<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-05 Finance<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Biodiversity is not reduced to a single number. Where valuation is used later, it will never be presented as the whole value.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Eurostat (ed.), Economic accounts for agriculture: agricultural output by Member State, 2024. Eurostat, Luxembourg, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>CREA (ed.), Annuario dell\u2019agricoltura italiana 2022. CREA, Rome, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>K. Schneider, W. van der Werf, M. Cendoya et al., \u201cImpact of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca in European olives,\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, pp. 9250\u20139259, 2020.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101\u20133105, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016\u20132017: bilancio e attivit\u00e0. DPC, Rome, 2017.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>J. San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (eds.), Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2021. Joint Research Centre, Ispra, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Annuario dei dati ambientali 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>A. Bondesan and R. G. Francese, \u201cThe climate-driven disaster of the Marmolada Glacier (Italy),\u201d Geomorphology, vol. 431, 108687, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-c8-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Comitato Italiano IUCN and MASE (eds.), Liste Rosse Italiane. Rome, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>12 tables<\/span><span>7 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Change in emissions, 2023 to 2024<\/td><td>363 \u00f7 377 \u2212 1<\/td><td>\u2248 \u22123.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>1990 emissions implied by a 30.2% fall<\/td><td>363 \u00f7 0.698<\/td><td>\u2248 520 Mt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Water delivered from each 100 litres fed into networks<\/td><td>100 \u2212 42.4<\/td><td>\u2248 58 litres<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Homes without <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a> and flood cover<\/td><td>100 \u2212 7.3<\/td><td>\u2248 93%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at national scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, National Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-ITA-NATIONAL \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent Italy as coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> with forcing, geohazard and transmission layers<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of systems<\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from evidence and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against Q1 2027 Foundry evidence<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>national scale; not for regional, municipal or asset-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the coupled reading of Italian risk.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, operational decisions, provincial comparisons or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Model runs begin with the first Foundry cut in Q1 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>NQ-ITA-2026-Q0-1<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>40 cited sources, each at the edition and retrieval date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>NQ-ITA-2027-Q1-1 at the Q1 2027 close<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the first Foundry cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Q1 2027<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>qualified source bindings with versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>National Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to the cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Greenhouse-gas emissions<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Apr 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>Apr 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Warmest year on record<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">Heat-related deaths<\/a><\/td><td>2022 \u00b7 2023<\/td><td>2023 \u00b7 2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>new estimates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable share of demand<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Jan 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water network losses<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>Mar 2024<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>next census<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hydrogeological exposure<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>three-yearly<\/td><td>2024 edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Natural-catastrophe cover<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Jul 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emilia-Romagna flood damage<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>,<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population<\/td><td>1 Jan 2025<\/td><td>Mar 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Burned area<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Climate forcing<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\">cloudburst<\/a> extremes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>hydro exposure in dry years<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>storage and losses by region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>drought losses by region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>surge capacity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>ecosystem condition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Geohazards<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>building vulnerability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital and cyber<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>dependency mapping<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by ISPRA under the UNFCCC and EU governance rules. Coverage 1990\u20132024, with sector detail and projections. Role: binds CLI-001 and CLI-002.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-ITA-001<\/h3><p>National Inventory Document 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by ISPRA from national mosaics of landslide and flood hazard, combined with census data. Role: binds WAT-007 and the hydrogeological risk object.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-ITA-002<\/h3><p>Hydrogeological hazard and risk report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-CAN-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-CAN-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>all sectors and gases<\/td><td>national hazard mosaics<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>about 16 months after the year<\/td><td>updated about every three years<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>annual back-revision<\/td><td>mosaics updated by basin authorities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>methods published<\/td><td>methods published<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>UNFCCC and EU review<\/td><td>basin authority plans<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in Q1 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Heat-mortality estimates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>, attribution method<\/li><li>Insurance yearbook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>, cover rates<\/li><li>Water statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>, network losses<\/li><li>Volcano bulletins<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>, monitoring method<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The Global Risks Forum turns the meaning key: its steward checks that each finding is said without overreach, endorsement or judgement of public figures. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on five sites<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then do the five Reports sites show the edition as published, each reading it through its own lens.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at Global Risks Forum<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>AdBPo<\/td><td>Po river basin district authority<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ANIA<\/td><td>Italian national association of insurers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CREA<\/td><td>Council for agricultural research and economics<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DPC<\/td><td>Civil Protection Department<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EIOPA<\/td><td>European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>INGV<\/td><td>National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISPRA<\/td><td>Institute for Environmental Protection and Research<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISTAT<\/td><td>National Institute of Statistics<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MASE<\/td><td>Ministry of the Environment and Energy Security<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NTC<\/td><td>technical standards for construction, including seismic design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PNACC<\/td><td>national climate adaptation plan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PNIEC<\/td><td>national energy and climate plan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SNPA<\/td><td>national system for environmental protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Terna<\/td><td>electricity transmission system operator<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the baseline indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-ITA-DFL-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>Q1 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>Q2 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Regional notes<\/td><td>atlas cards for the twenty regions<\/td><td>Q2 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition, greenhouse-gas emissions<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>annual greenhouse-gas emissions in Italy, excluding land use<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>Mt CO\u2082e<\/dd><dt>Scope<\/dt><dd>national inventory perimeter<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>ISPRA National Inventory Document 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Revision<\/dt><dd>back-revised each edition<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>excludes emissions embodied in imports<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101\u20133105, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ca-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-ca-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>7 tables<\/span><span>19 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Greenhouse-gas emissions<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">363<\/span><\/td><td>Mt CO\u2082e<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Change since 1990<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u221230.2<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transport share of emissions<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">31.2<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2030 effort-sharing target<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u221243.7<\/span><\/td><td>% vs 2005<\/td><td>2030<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable share of electricity demand<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">41.2<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Russian share of gas imports<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">&lt;5<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\">Heat-related deaths<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">18,010<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat-related deaths<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">12,743<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emilia-Romagna flood deaths<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">17<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emilia-Romagna flood damage<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u22488.5<\/span><\/td><td>\u20ac billion<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Municipalities exposed to hydrogeological hazard<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u224894<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Residents in medium flood-hazard areas<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">6.8<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water lost in networks<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">42.4<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Homes insured against <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">earthquake<\/a> and flood<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">7.3<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">58.9<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>1 Jan 2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Area burned<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2248160,000<\/span><\/td><td>hectares<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0AGreenhouse-gas%20emissions%2C363%2CMt%20CO%E2%82%82e%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AChange%20since%201990%2C%E2%88%9230.2%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0ATransport%20share%20of%20emissions%2C31.2%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0A2030%20effort-sharing%20target%2C%E2%88%9243.7%2C%25%20vs%202005%2C2030%2CREPORTED%2C%5B40%5D%0ARenewable%20share%20of%20electricity%20demand%2C41.2%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0ARussian%20share%20of%20gas%20imports%2C%3C5%2C%25%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B8%5D%0AHeat-related%20deaths%2C%2218%2C010%22%2Cdeaths%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B4%5D%0AHeat-related%20deaths%2C%2212%2C743%22%2Cdeaths%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0AEmilia-Romagna%20flood%20deaths%2C17%2Cdeaths%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0AEmilia-Romagna%20flood%20damage%2C%E2%89%888.5%2C%E2%82%AC%20billion%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0AMunicipalities%20exposed%20to%20hydrogeological%20hazard%2C%E2%89%8894%2C%25%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0AResidents%20in%20medium%20flood-hazard%20areas%2C6.8%2Cmillion%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0AWater%20lost%20in%20networks%2C42.4%2C%25%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B12%5D%0AHomes%20insured%20against%20earthquake%20and%20flood%2C7.3%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B13%5D%0APopulation%2C58.9%2Cmillion%2C1%20Jan%202025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0AArea%20burned%2C%22%E2%89%88160%2C000%22%2Chectares%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B20%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Italy%20Systems%20Risk%20and%20Resilience%20Report%202026%3A%20The%20State%20of%20Italy%E2%80%99s%20Interdependent%20Systems%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Greenhouse-gas%20emissions%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22363%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mt%20CO%E2%82%82e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Change%20since%201990%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%88%9230.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Transport%20share%20of%20emissions%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2231.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%222030%20effort-sharing%20target%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%88%9243.7%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%20vs%202005%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222030%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B40%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Renewable%20share%20of%20electricity%20demand%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2241.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Russian%20share%20of%20gas%20imports%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%3C5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Heat-related%20deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2218%2C010%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B4%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Heat-related%20deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2212%2C743%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emilia-Romagna%20flood%20deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2217%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emilia-Romagna%20flood%20damage%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%888.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%82%AC%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Municipalities%20exposed%20to%20hydrogeological%20hazard%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%8894%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Residents%20in%20medium%20flood-hazard%20areas%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%226.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Water%20lost%20in%20networks%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2242.4%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B12%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Homes%20insured%20against%20earthquake%20and%20flood%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%227.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B13%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Population%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2258.9%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221%20Jan%202025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Area%20burned%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%88160%2C000%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22hectares%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B20%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Emissions exclude land use, land-use change and forestry. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>National source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FOO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">BIO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>National Inventory Document<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national environment agency<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>1990\u20132024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI \u00b7 ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emission scenarios<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national environment agency<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>to 2030<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat-mortality estimates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>peer-reviewed<\/td><td>Europe<\/td><td>2022\u20132023<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>official statistics<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>system operator<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ministry<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hydrogeological report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national environment agency<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>three-yearly<\/td><td>WAT \u00b7 INF<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>official statistics<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>WAT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Insurance yearbook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>insurance association<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flood damage<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>regional government<\/td><td>Emilia-Romagna<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>WAT \u00b7 FIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Volcano bulletins<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national research institute<\/td><td>Campi Flegrei<\/td><td>2024\u20132025<\/td><td>weekly<\/td><td>GEO<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national environment agency<\/td><td>Italy<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading, Italy by macro-region<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Map plates for each region follow in Q2 2027. This page gives the regional reading in table form, and ranks no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading, Italy by macro-region<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North-west<\/td><td>floods, landslides, Alpine change<\/td><td>cities, industry, hydro<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Po valley and Emilia-Romagna<\/td><td>drought, floods, heat<\/td><td>agriculture, water, health<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>North-east and the Alps<\/td><td>glacier loss, storms, landslides<\/td><td>hydro, forests, tourism<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Central Italy<\/td><td>earthquakes, landslides, heat<\/td><td>buildings, cultural heritage<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lazio and Rome<\/td><td>heat, flash floods<\/td><td>health, cities<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Campania and the Campi Flegrei<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h18\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.eruptive.volcanic-unrest\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Eruption products and unrest\" data-td=\"Rising earthquakes, ground swelling or gas release at a volcano that may or may not end in an eruption.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H18\" data-tr=\"draft\">volcanic unrest<\/a>, earthquakes, landslides<\/td><td>dense settlement, health<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Apulia and Basilicata<\/td><td>drought, Xylella, heat<\/td><td>agriculture, water<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Calabria and Sicily<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a>, earthquakes, drought<\/td><td>forests, water, agriculture<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sardinia<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a>, drought<\/td><td>forests, agriculture<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The leading compound pathway runs through the Po basin and Romagna, where 2022 drought was followed by the 2023 floods.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">PO BASIN<\/h3><p>Drought, then flood<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Ground uplift and earthquakes beneath a densely populated area make readiness the central question.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">CAMPI FLEGREI<\/h3><p>A volcano under a city<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Drought, wildfire and Xylella combine in Apulia, Sicily, Calabria and Sardinia.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">THE SOUTH<\/h3><p>Water, fire and olives<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES IN Q2 2027<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or municipality.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Atlas card, the Po basin and Romagna<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">river basin<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">irrigation district<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">floodplain<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">region<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>water, food, energy, health, infrastructure<\/dd><dt>Defining events<\/dt><dd>record low Po flows in summer 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup>; May 2023 floods in Emilia-Romagna, 17 deaths, about \u20ac8.5 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>WAT \u2192 FOO irrigation; WAT \u2192 ENE hydro; CLI \u2192 INF floods on dried soils<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>water-severity observatory and regional civil protection used in real events<\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>storage and allocation in drought; exposure of homes and lifelines<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>A-01 \u00b7 A-02 \u00b7 A-03<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The Po basin carries much of Italy\u2019s farm output; in 2022 its flows fell to the lowest in about seventy years [24].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">DROUGHT<\/h3><p>The river that feeds a third of the harvest<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">In May 2023 two storms in two weeks broke riverbanks and triggered hundreds of landslides in Romagna [14].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">FLOOD<\/h3><p>Rain on hardened soils<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">With few homes insured, reconstruction relied on public funds and emergency decrees [13].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">RECOVERY<\/h3><p>Public funds carry the load<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Atlas cards are generated for each region from Q2 2027 with consistent fields and evidence-age labels. The Po basin and Romagna are shown first because they hold the drought-to-flood pathway.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>Italy system card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The card through which Italy appears in the Europe regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Italy system card<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline state<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>network losses and drought on the Po<\/td><td>drought into food and energy<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>41.2% renewables in demand<\/td><td>hydro in dry years<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food<\/td><td>leading EU producer<\/td><td>drought and Xylella<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>Europe\u2019s highest heat-death count in 2022<\/td><td>heat and care capacity<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>rich, under <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a> and pest pressure<\/td><td>fire and land use<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The Italy card sits beside its neighbours; Alpine water, electricity trade and Mediterranean hazards are read as one regional system.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EUROPE REGIONAL EDITION<\/h3><p>One regional system<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Italian evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES<\/h3><p>Same findings, same IDs<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">In the global edition Italy is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GLOBAL FLAGSHIP<\/h3><p>Peers, not ranks<\/p><\/article><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Context<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Archetype<\/dt><dd>high-income republic with high seismic, volcanic and hydrogeological exposure<\/dd><dt>Population<\/dt><dd>58.9 million (1 January 2025)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Emissions<\/dt><dd>30% below 1990 (2024)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Electricity<\/dt><dd>41.2% of demand met by renewables (2024)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and national ownership of the Italy edition is unaffected.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>NQ-ITA-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale Integrato per l\u2019Energia e il Clima (PNIEC), final version. MASE, Rome, June 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101\u20133105, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Indicatori demografici, anno 2024. ISTAT, Rome, March 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>J. San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (eds.), Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2021. Joint Research Centre, Ispra, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Le emissioni di gas serra in Italia: obiettivi di riduzione e scenari emissivi. ISPRA, Rome, 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>A. Bondesan and R. G. Francese, \u201cThe climate-driven disaster of the Marmolada Glacier (Italy),\u201d Geomorphology, vol. 431, 108687, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016\u20132017: bilancio e attivit\u00e0. DPC, Rome, 2017.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cb-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>K. Schneider, W. van der Werf, M. Cendoya et al., \u201cImpact of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca in European olives,\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, pp. 9250\u20139259, 2020.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-ita-cb-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\">Italy 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>10 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>40 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132024: National Inventory Document 2026. ISPRA, Rome, April 2026. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Munich Re (ed.), Natural disasters in 2025: NatCatSERVICE full-year figures. Munich Re, Munich, January 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Le emissioni di gas serra in Italia: obiettivi di riduzione e scenari emissivi. ISPRA, Rome, 2026. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>J. Ballester, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 1857\u20131866, 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>E. Gallo, M. Quijal-Zamorano, R. F. M\u00e9ndez Turrubiates et al., \u201cHeat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health,\u201d Nature Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 3101\u20133105, 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Indicatori demografici, anno 2024. ISTAT, Rome, March 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Terna (ed.), Consumi elettrici in Italia nel 2024: dati provvisori. Terna, Rome, January 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Relazione sulla situazione energetica nazionale nel 2023. MASE, Rome, 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale di Adattamento ai Cambiamenti Climatici (PNACC). MASE, Rome, December 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Parlamento (ed.), Legge 30 dicembre 2023, n. 213, art. 1, commi 101\u2013111: obbligo di copertura assicurativa contro i rischi catastrofali per le imprese. Gazzetta Ufficiale, Rome, 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosit\u00e0 e indicatori di rischio, Edizione 2021, Rapporti 356\/2021. ISPRA, Rome, 2021. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>ISTAT (ed.), Le statistiche dell\u2019Istat sull\u2019acqua, anni 2020\u20132023. ISTAT, Rome, March 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>ANIA (ed.), L\u2019assicurazione italiana 2024\u20132025 and Relazione del Presidente all\u2019Assemblea annuale. ANIA, Rome, July 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Regione Emilia-Romagna (ed.), Alluvione di maggio 2023: rapporto sugli eventi e stima dei danni. Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), Sequenza sismica del Centro Italia 2016\u20132017: bilancio e attivit\u00e0. DPC, Rome, 2017. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>INGV (ed.), Campi Flegrei: bollettini di sorveglianza 2024\u20132025. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, retrieved 2026-09-30. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Comitato Italiano IUCN and MASE (eds.), Liste Rosse Italiane. Rome, retrieved 2026-09-30. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>ISPRA (ed.), Annuario dei dati ambientali 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>K. Schneider, W. van der Werf, M. Cendoya et al., \u201cImpact of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca in European olives,\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, pp. 9250\u20139259, 2020. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>J. San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (eds.), Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2021. Joint Research Centre, Ispra, 2022. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>ISPRA and SNPA (eds.), Gli indicatori del clima in Italia nel 2024. ISPRA, Rome, 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Eurostat (ed.), Economic accounts for agriculture: agricultural output by Member State, 2024. Eurostat, Luxembourg, 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>CREA (ed.), Annuario dell\u2019agricoltura italiana 2022. CREA, Rome, 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 5, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Autorit\u00e0 di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ed.), Osservatorio permanente sugli utilizzi idrici: bollettini di severit\u00e0 idrica 2022. AdBPo, Parma, 2022. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (ed.), National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Assessment<\/a>: Overview of the Potential Major Disasters in Italy. DPC, Rome, 2018. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>A. Bondesan and R. G. Francese, \u201cThe climate-driven disaster of the Marmolada Glacier (Italy),\u201d Geomorphology, vol. 431, 108687, 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2023: Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>S. V. Buldyrev, R. Parshani, G. Paul, H. E. Stanley and S. Havlin, \u201cCatastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks,\u201d Nature, vol. 464, pp. 1025\u20131028, 2010.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13850054\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054<\/a> <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025, WMO-No. 1391. WMO, Geneva, March 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports, The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026\u20132030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global Water Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Exponential Technology Report 2026, AI and Agentic Systems, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), United Kingdom Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Germany Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council of the European Union (eds.), Regulation (EU) 2021\/1119 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality (European Climate Law). Official Journal L 243, 9 July 2021. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>EIOPA (ed.), Dashboard on insurance <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">protection gap<\/a> for natural catastrophes. EIOPA, Frankfurt, retrieved 2026-09-30. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-ita-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Ministero dell\u2019Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (ed.), Piano Nazionale Integrato per l\u2019Energia e il Clima (PNIEC), final version. MASE, Rome, June 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Italy <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Edition 2026\u20132030<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the Q1 2027 edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>Q1 2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2027-Q1-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-ita-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">ITA<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-ita-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-ITA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-NAT-ITA-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Italy; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Italy\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Italy&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Italy\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Italy\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Italy\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Italy, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Italy for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Italy Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026.&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Italy&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Country Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GRF&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;grf&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Italy&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Country Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-ita-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-ita-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>ITA edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Italy 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; ITA is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Italy.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Risks Forum<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Global Risks Forum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/nexus-reports\/editions\/ita\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-balriskforum-com-nexus-reports-editions-ita-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-balriskforum-com-nexus-reports-editions-ita-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-balriskforum-com-nexus-reports-editions-ita-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Reports<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? 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