{"id":17667,"date":"2026-10-14T22:19:40","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T02:19:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/?page_id=17667"},"modified":"2026-10-14T22:19:40","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T02:19:40","slug":"innovation-ecosystems","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/","title":{"rendered":"Innovation ecosystems"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-water-data\" 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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n234wbiz.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"console\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>R02 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 innovation-ecosystems<\/strong>GRF dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRF<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Innovation Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Innovation Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Innovation ecosystems<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">An innovation ecosystem is the set of researchers, firms, investors, intermediaries and public institutions whose interactions turn knowledge into new products, services and practices. Its strength lies less in any one actor than in the connections between them: shared infrastructure, mobile people, trusted rules and finance that matches risk. This page sets out how ecosystems form, concentrate and weaken, how their structure is measured, and what the institutions that fund and govern them can do with the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">R02 \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Definition and scope<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">H3 field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Pipeline<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Run graph<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GRF \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Habitat condition in Colombia<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Innovation ecosystems: how the risk\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">An innovation ecosystem is the set of researchers, firms, investors, intermediaries and public institutions whose interactions turn knowledge into new products, services and practices. Its strength lies in the connections between them, such as shared infrastructure, mobile people, trusted rules and finance across stages, which single composite indices capture poorly.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Habitat condition in Colombia.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Vegetation, land cover, fires and ocean productivity and warmth from NASA satellites, framed on Colombia as an example geography for this subject; each layer is a dated NASA product.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"colombia:biodiversity\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-biodiversity\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-biodiversity\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-79.1,-4.3,-66.8,12.5\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Habitat condition, Colombia: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"evi||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Vegetation<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"fires,evi||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Fire pressure<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"cover||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Land cover<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ssta||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Marine heat<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">2<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Habitat condition<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"evi\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-name=\"Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days\" data-wm-short=\"Vegetation (EVI)\" data-wm-src=\"NASA LANCE MODIS Terra EVI\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite index; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE MODIS Terra EVI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"evi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"evi\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"fires\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"1\" data-wm-breaks=\"10,50,200\" data-wm-name=\"Active fires and thermal anomalies, last day\" data-wm-short=\"Fires\" data-wm-src=\"NASA LANCE FIRMS VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE FIRMS\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Active fires and thermal anomalies, last day<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE FIRMS VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"fires\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-name=\"Land cover type (IGBP), yearly\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-src=\"NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"gpp\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-name=\"Gross primary production, 8-day total\" data-wm-short=\"Plant growth (GPP)\" data-wm-src=\"NASA LP DAAC MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite-driven model; latest 8-day period GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Gross primary production, 8-day total<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"gpp\">30 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"gpp\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ssta\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-name=\"Sea surface temperature anomaly\" data-wm-short=\"Marine heat (anomaly)\" data-wm-src=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature anomaly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ssta\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"chl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-name=\"Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration\" data-wm-short=\"Chlorophyll-a\" data-wm-src=\"NASA OB.DAAC MODIS Aqua ocean colour\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA OB.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds and sun glint leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA OB.DAAC MODIS Aqua ocean colour \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"chl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"chl\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"26\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"1\" data-wm-name=\"True colour\" data-wm-short=\"True colour\" data-wm-src=\"NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><div><dt><kbd>Arrows<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Move<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Shift and arrows<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Turn and tilt (3D)<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>+ and \u2212<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Zoom<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>0<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Reset the view<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>N and P<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Next and previous station<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Enter<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Pin the station<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>I<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Inspect a point<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>M<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Measure<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>C<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Compare dates<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Escape<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Close<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Vegetation, land cover, fires and ocean productivity and warmth from NASA satellites, framed on Colombia.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.firms\">NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.podaac.ghrsst-mur\">GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.obdaac.ocean-color\">MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group; distributed by the NASA Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"evi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Active fires and thermal anomalies, last day: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Gross primary production, 8-day total: MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"gpp\">30 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration: MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA OB.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"chl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R02\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Innovation Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Innovation ecosystems: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Researchers, builders and public institutions. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"2\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M5 16v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 12V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Connections compound<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Knowledge flows through collaboration, labour mobility and supplier links. Each new connection raises the value of the others, so dense ecosystems grow denser while sparse ones struggle to start.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Gaps between stages<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Research funding, early-stage investment and scale-up finance are held by different institutions with different appetites for risk. Where one stage is thin, promising work stalls between them.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 22V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v18Z\"\/><path d=\"M6 12H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2\"\/><path d=\"M18 9h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v9a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M10 6h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 10h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 14h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 18h4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Concentration and dominance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Large platforms, leading firms and research universities attract talent, data and capital. Concentration can deepen capability and also foreclose entry, which brings competition and merger control into innovation policy.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Fragility to shocks<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ecosystems depend on a few anchor institutions, open routes for talent and stable public funding. Losing an anchor, a visa route or a funding line can unwind connections built over decades.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">GERD<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Gross domestic expenditure on research and development, measured under the OECD Frascati Manual.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Innovation-active enterprise<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A firm that introduced, or was working on, an innovation in the survey period, as the Oslo Manual defines it.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Cluster<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A geographic concentration of interconnected firms and institutions in a field.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Gross domestic expenditure on R&amp;D by sector of performance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of GDP<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National R&amp;D surveys under the Frascati Manual<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Business enterprise researchers<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">full-time equivalents per thousand employment<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National R&amp;D surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Innovation-active enterprises cooperating with universities or public research<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of innovation-active enterprises<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">biennial<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Community Innovation Survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Public-private co-publications<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count per million population<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Bibliometric databases<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Venture capital investment by stage<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of GDP<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Official venture statistics and commercial databases<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">International co-invention<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of patent families with foreign co-inventors<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Patent databases<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Researcher mobility between sectors and countries<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of researchers changing affiliation<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Bibliometric affiliation tracking<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R02\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Innovation ecosystems as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-r02-topics-innovation-ecosystems-leap-t nx-dag-r02-topics-innovation-ecosystems-leap-d\" data-nx-z=\"zVzJcuO4GX4VFHOZqZgyAQJcqlqucmylxzVu2fEykz7SFCyjmiIVkvLST5BzXib3PEqeJIWFFCiLEijSnTl0G5LIH\/+GD\/8C8tOMPhYnn5ZRWdI8BWw2ttJXexbN7dxBdpktWVzYLE2z56hkWWrTOCveipIuCjuh0dKeZWVhgRc2K5\/GFvQs8ETZ\/KmUY0X1PmVlMbZWBc1vl1FMr9L7glonn2KWxwkFcRIV\/GdO65HRZGaB+HVsBRaI38SffGw5I986Pvl0rCiefFpE+Tead+c3yvPsxQLPjL78JXsdWw5wQAD4JPTx72PLF4OvYwtbQE7xuxTNqz7\/ouTzLJDljKbl2IpWZWYXZZSXdk6faS6EW0bl01o0Ne1sbH0BfMpLEAAMLsXk34VkknpPweyEPdP\/k3RqbgMRj6XP5TQu1zTiKH2ONFdCjrN2JuJhC+SvnK9jdWP7dY8sScbWKk9++lNnV\/65pl8ztoxSmticqAW4Si3wJv7fyoDncAIJSzW3fopYbhcWeIXivldU3fQGxQ3gDVU3lvRVm3mRpRlY2Sz9hsTUMBBzu8QCj1la2gX7TscWdEbEAvxOO0rjpywfW8JaFkgoXyx2sYxils75InIwXVgn+SotwDHQVJHS1xX\/qkwfZ0IZzZ\/Xmvp0zCfaVFGazahdRnOwsssH+yGazalgGCM4woJnBGuFhUgDiUCa1W0VviJt818lUc9XRF131FRF8E4TCzabJXSbKiDXxPnk9uLzFNzcTyvB5msOygcLzKIysqOYa2Fsfc+yhc1SC+RZQsfWw6oss9QCZfTA0hmVvhHlLLKT6IEm8nrAUuudqz+xpRAlDCpR0NqhEB5pMMp\/4BrC+90jDMORLxWD93lIu14cjyvmz5U+jucGOslWZTel8BvatULwKBhOK54\/ggNp5b\/\/\/JepXh6ZuUr4te3acMJNXbg+188hukD+KBxIF3+9uDPVxTKJ3oyVIS5u1UZAPO4HTX1gzFfRAfoI\/EB5Wn99XF+eftUV0iKAT965dugc6NqB447cgdi\/PP16dX8H\/vNvcHmzHeTnebaSMuBwhMS0MHDX+2CgbYMQqv062CWFK6iRmlroN6QITXc1iLgEt2dX15N9rCM\/VP7jh9tZdxEyZh0FFbXQ7cP65dXZ6d1e3gl0BuOcIGcAvie\/nV7eG3DuY0ftc4N4jE9qcv1c5vT2dnJ7u4\/70HcUSgyh+TCoqPXT\/fXN5Pr0plZ9MyCnszkF8k8VlnNALkq65MGW\/PSYZ4uxVcTqY5mNrQSKpO3pkqZzIaWK5xH0Rwgg7IEzgAgeYTGWI4gRQCEceXxU5RE2TWeHxODrTEJE4u+lsh+TOpEy5+q4k4LIDgWh7gpyiaNYcYnzh1FQk6tuCvIbCuJOUyuItngQxr60BTgDOMCjQIzXI4LQD\/cfU566KSdoKgfpykG7lMMtUjHCx+sRZ+RH+44pTzuVk4qkTVMO38I07VDddXj2v007nh8oI\/mQjIRJ1Ih7s0+Q9OtBtCMUo8WyVESlXUTY3EckBfthLtDfC\/HIUTuhP9JCWKSHsNDdlxYrqjIjFspQ+6EIj01S4pMZXdJ0poesPeyIDO0o\/Ulaj4\/\/QHZEh9mRY+jgdnQdx9iObLGM4nK3HZuCo4bg3Fy14Mt8u+1CJ1C7xxkIMRl5YixHfD2GAZKgOZz19kmBG1JwxmspZqzFBaHjOZzPAIKz6gMX5P3QhfBDHJHXs6qy1ixLmzJVhuG\/aoGHyoxv42zJ0nkl59uSjq0yKr7VJKKSjq3zq+lEfbOAPN8uWEqLAiyyWb0AFmhsPUfJioL4KeIFLfGtiHjlNNQ4XVdMHQHOyREQIm0tDz5kr3LlQOXjyPHX0TTRMmA\/2Kz1Nik90WhmSAp5nUlplcoGKYhaaLCYK0hgQkUDakmODgdYg4OmewtK8+Rt+WSBMo\/S4jHLF2NLDJOopD9x4kcIuj9LT3aB+xQ8B7+4399DSxGlhcw4IFjZLx4vNfPcpGYP4Y26KYQjYp0oU1ZIsjuNWQuLwz1AtSeRuTu9\/XXfnGhjTs8kdTpp+n5XuXzPZA5tGe2ujcsKvo+qgi\/W6nmeXs+DpHtNHIZVUokIbJqjY0H8alqnlJvtuWXGzchbcyKvkO05IUc+tngp\/tj0HoL0ezbKhzsR0m0gZJ15KDC6zOKopA2A5MOCljsxsmAlLXjp64FlC1poIHm9ekhYDFha0pwWJUiihyZYVjMaoqW8\/AgorkzwUuRoMrhz3J6AaUDLGDE1WtA\/FDJRGNYMhYNjpqB+BJ2wBk08IrFjQ4BsOCIA8\/8LDPgQwBF5JrEDoI342BbfFDa2+Zhf+P2LC3x+ARAXyFsK\/rskZAzELqyFRs5WJJZuYgZYmgox6YfE56d3p7eTOzMw1uYloQlSbqyyztL5yGSWLSvWAJexgxR+QtcbEJd5A1RlZtj\/Abgs12Qs5kNmuCzy\/K33dMFl0sRltBG50rRgJXumIOGezbK06AzS3KLznJVv3IXYggsQpTHVwPolKmkOijKnRdELpbeweyBkiyxiIMhupXUAZLuI9IdsV8f9QSHbhf4fFbJdFGwPnt\/7TFeEc4n7f8Fv1zNpopy0LMDOUvLGyf7Z9MXcCcBdjD8EwF1CfiiAi3pvRwDfuGcHgLeW9CWA043A+lzUCmkaM9pEbr2qoHD75n46vZh+1qC7LoyAgubPLG6E2AtuaBYlrHxrgvaEp1ZdYFtn8kjmfEcgX6UpL5rsBGyC0EAR9l5KxmBdUzo8uiau82GxNXGdRmQNYeLaBCDgAtf2jIGVEGdnJKzb1AxpaqH7RsNfrs4nl2ZYWs9pFgm\/Xw8dRTMLhbWVZYCgHsRVpK2FwIQ06tkHIKiHkTqk0jMEVrjSBqJRHNO0BCsFbRwZPYesQ1txVjBXvLejqVh2hgE0kH\/0Gf2gayjd2j9USLwRSl+Iav8BIDzLGT+8C7JHXq1K53rkLG7iv6RRucppTxxWLB4Gwf0j5r2UOkNwj2i5WrIfEStzCNYj5Z4Q3BbZKnN2g6jesewB6GsYx75bCB0lM4tfN5ZUJwDWQ9ghAbhnCNsLgF0COwKwQQC8A4DNQ+H5umS80RiWCFz3RxW8nRbFusAgAbhBQuDv59M7vXiRs+KbqH1lS87wKmUla0TBy5xlOStZQWdN9K1mM8ReefkRmIsys+BrJ+yKrvtA7TgDWsbQq9E6vCHne079+MHwHTlBXWvJ+QAlBBBb\/LOJeWPOD2o2Wzpz0qpmOKUJ3bcz91k72rkbgrVJzVpz2xdEZwnNenTa4jLA4cBzqyPmg\/boggAN0aHTjdKOomr9dOrQ6fcQw+qxOBdSzeMZIu4\/VnRV49zGmRSJufVpDgVr1zldRjndc\/Thb\/eT+8m53tgr86ikc1GxKqN8TstG5YGWOYs3SsX1TIaAq66vzj8o0XZirjgrM1C9wYCWMeZqtA6vOYR1J\/ojqg6CeqPu0PkYBHRgzWFL0UHZ1AyNNIH7VhzMT0Jokxo2396vhM7iGVYd5KoyOQzhBHBLyUE+XdLrNAR0vGHabhJR9sOtWjqdGm8QusGoc7lgRmNWsCzdfhZOoqc4\/tYo37IiTrJi42TEJiWBoaf3d79c3VzcfdVgVPVUCxqXWQ4eVm8019turHwCCVuwsieUVlwegYq1IxCtyie+d7+ZQmr\/+oEBrQMgtUcNYb0EP6KKICF1XUdAwH+CDo9mn6FzCKq21REq83bFnf5tscnZxe3F1bQrtBrWE7asjs4iGvbE1ivNCF499105wfN7HzVzQq96iLRfPaGGmk74ujuxX7CULaKltfUhfsU\/kntOoK1H7VkujLXnL5tEFosthyAESTesToOLck1FVzxtWxOWdGEXuh7hzi62+VH4EXRd3J+urL5I10DV0w3kY+gOwa+s1ogdGAZKD0PYrUprBGVMBtTEeqtu0j5UG\/z9IJXnVnHSmo4b6E82SjqoWmsdXm2BkXq3BR8ct69IJJN5jNYr0tffqQGR\/vKP3ZjqyrWNsbexAxlvGViVOsHdxZfJ5cV0wkPmq+kEyIdFv0ym9QGL97qQmoA+VrrgA6EKvuNzVRBsIAT05baAPXzozicf6hZH+fdx6zoep8v5VcPuHLvyifMheG6efWxjGruhZFkMujOMsTsMu1V3bB\/DxIeVltWwO9PEJ0NpuVlRbGPad5Qji0F3hn1nIEfulJFXGLARVLVNuvncQxOmyjyKv6lVqXDK17ozrv7uHy2Y2iCS2A9R\/n4f9quHyHSaPHltoWomd+iMzAoRG2ttr+CBqE4PIjoKnEr0BtW+whMHGhq9\/bzeXj2EH6CFsJcOYEMHIt8y0sK24zX7xCcO6esGdWTnBp5SQJNqbxUgZKaAjeb2XtmhN7zkGs3e7u8iU9M3d4C9giOvr9HrsBvX0XyTam\/hsVmhYHM32Su76\/eTXEsMSBhUsmtUd0jeKAO+NKt+1WuWXu2K2+rzi+JUFQVfbBHy4BF0Hei6YUhc5HjE2tz5U\/F6AAFOsLpBhVlqLGMA1IgBmqLLYwDq8Kwnb+L36620909Io11WtrO0QbbihQ\/DUa8axPTq9\/aXNq1TFB8773IU3JCjQ47iEzRIknIxvb2enN1d3fAM5XZyOTm7m5yD6dV5S9P2felOfCrskpUJbbLmbbCGNg9j8jnVwS7Drm1FOjg4FhQWu\/p9OrlpTCmcnKXF2MpeUl6arnngwj2DLS\/OIs5WXoau8NUyh2EvmS+m1\/d3ty1Cs3S54qV3c6lDo5aRiIvoDIjntrrJS2BPG9\/f7RA4W5UdJd7kZ\/+BWZBHJUvnXeVG\/ew8+e3ifDI9m7QITp8ZX320i+TIyNaytjE556u6yFZ5TAsQs3J9XsJQftzP7vfTy6uzX9vsvkqTLP7Wye7YyO6NUOh\/\"><title id=\"nx-dag-r02-topics-innovation-ecosystems-leap-t\">Innovation ecosystems: the LEAP approach to nature-related issues<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-r02-topics-innovation-ecosystems-leap-d\">Locate the interface with nature and sensitive locations, Evaluate dependencies and impacts, Assess the risks and opportunities they create, and Prepare strategy, targets and disclosure. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">R&amp;D expenditure, personnel and government R&amp;D budgets by country and sector<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, attribution (OECD terms)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Eurostat Community Innovation Survey<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Firm innovation activity, cooperation and barriers, harmonised under the Oslo Manual<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open aggregates, attribution; microdata by research access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WIPO Global Innovation Index<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Innovation input and output indicators and science and technology cluster data by economy<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, attribution (WIPO terms)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">European Innovation Scoreboard (European Commission)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Comparative innovation performance of EU member states and neighbours<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free reuse, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EPO PATSTAT<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Bibliographic and legal-status data on patent applications worldwide<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Licensed by the European Patent Office<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EC-OECD STIP Compass<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">National science, technology and innovation policy initiatives, instruments and budgets<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, attribution (OECD terms)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R02\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Innovation Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Ministries of science, innovation and economy<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where public funding, infrastructure or brokerage would strengthen the ecosystem most<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Ecosystem maps with anchors and gaps; funding-stage analyses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Innovation agencies and research councils<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which collaboration instruments to run, renew or close<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Cooperation indicators from innovation surveys; evaluation designs for each instrument<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Competition authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether an acquisition or a practice forecloses entry in an innovative market<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Concentration of talent, data, patents and capital around the parties; prior merger-review records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Immigration and higher-education authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How visa and research-mobility rules affect the talent flows ecosystems rely on<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Researcher mobility estimates with their method stated<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Ecosystem maps of actors, links and anchor institutions, with data gaps marked<\/li><li>Funding-stage gap analyses across research, early-stage and scale-up finance<\/li><li>Dependency registers showing which links rest on a single institution or route<\/li><li>Programme designs for intermediaries such as clusters and technology centres<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Ecosystem questions are about connections, not only capacities.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Who are the actors, and how strong are the links between them?<\/li><li>How do ideas, people, capital and data move through the ecosystem?<\/li><li>Where do promising ideas stall, and why?<\/li><li>What role do public institutions play: funder, customer, regulator, convener or all four?<\/li><li>Is the ecosystem open to newcomers, or dominated by a few incumbents?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Mechanisms and drivers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Innovation emerges from interaction. Universities produce knowledge and graduates; firms turn knowledge into products; investors take on risk; public institutions fund research, buy solutions and set rules; intermediaries such as incubators and technology transfer offices broker connections. When any link is weak, for example when researchers and firms rarely meet, or public buyers cannot purchase new solutions, the system underperforms regardless of individual excellence.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Ecosystems are path-dependent: early successes attract talent and capital, which attract more. That creates strong clusters but also concentration and exclusion, and it makes ecosystems hard to build from scratch. Shocks travel through the same links, so the loss of a major firm, funder or university programme can weaken a whole ecosystem.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and where the methods stop.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method or data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Limits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Network and collaboration analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Links between actors through co-publication, co-patenting and contracts<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Formal links miss informal collaboration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Innovation surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Firm innovation activity and barriers<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Self-reported and periodic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Case studies of ecosystems<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">How specific ecosystems developed<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Hard to generalize from unique histories<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Systems mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Flows and bottlenecks across the system<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Depends on the judgement of those mapping it<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/stem\/policy-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Policy, institutional and decision science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Mandate and gap mapping \u00b7 Programme evaluation design \u00b7 Comparative regulatory analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/policy-science\/\" aria-label=\"Policy, institutional and decision science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/stem\/systems-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Systems engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Requirements traceability for AI governance \u00b7 Readiness gates for transfer programmes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/systems-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Systems engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/stem\/ai-ml\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Artificial intelligence and machine learning<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Coding policy and legal texts \u00b7 Mapping patents and papers to technologies<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/ai-ml\/\" aria-label=\"Artificial intelligence and machine learning: canonical page on the STEM Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Ecosystem maps capture formal, recorded links such as co-publications, patents and contracts, and miss the informal exchanges that often matter most. Composite indices combine indicators with chosen weights, so rankings shift with method. Venture data come largely from commercial providers with uneven coverage outside major markets. Innovation Nexus describes ecosystem structure; it does not rank places or recommend investments, which remain for funders and their governing bodies.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is the difference between an ecosystem and a cluster?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A cluster is a geographic concentration of related firms and institutions. An ecosystem is the wider web of actors, rules and flows, which may span regions and borders.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why not use a single innovation index?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Composite indices are useful summaries, but their weights are choices. Innovation Nexus shows the component indicators so readers can see what drives any comparison.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can strong ecosystems be built by policy?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Policy can fund research, infrastructure and intermediaries and set fair rules. Connections and trust take longer to form, and evaluations of cluster policies show effects that depend heavily on context.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an innovation ecosystem be designed?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Partly. Policy can strengthen links, fund research and support intermediaries, but ecosystems grow through the choices of many actors and cannot be dictated.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do public institutions matter so much?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because they fund much basic research, are major buyers, set rules and can convene actors who would otherwise not meet.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Innovation Nexus support specific ventures?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It convenes institutions and publishes governance analysis. It does not fund, mentor commercially or promote individual ventures.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Innovation Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/responsible-innovation\/\">Responsible innovation <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/technology-transfer\/\">Technology transfer <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/public-interest-innovation\/\">Public interest innovation <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-and-society\/\">Innovation and society <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/experimental-governance\/\">Experimental governance <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/regional-innovation-systems\/\">Regional innovation systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/\">Innovation Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/\">The Global Risks Forum home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/trust\/\">GRF governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Innovation Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@globalriskforum.com?subject=Innovation%20Nexus%3A%20Innovation%20ecosystems\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Natural Earth Sources and licences We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group; distributed by the NASA Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain Layers and dates Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 13 Oct 2026 Active fires and thermal anomalies, last day: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS \u00b7 13 Oct 2026 Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 2024 Gross primary production, 8-day total: MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 30 Sep 2026 Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 12 Oct 2026 Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration: MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA OB.DAAC \u00b7 12 Oct 2026 True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 13 Oct 2026 03 The question Innovation ecosystems: how the risk develops. Researchers, builders and public institutions. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides. Mechanism Connections compound Knowledge flows through collaboration, labour mobility and supplier links. Each new connection raises the value of the others, so dense ecosystems grow denser while sparse ones struggle to start. Mechanism Gaps between stages Research funding, early-stage investment and scale-up finance are held by different institutions with different appetites for risk. Where one stage is thin, promising work stalls between them. Mechanism Concentration and dominance Large platforms, leading firms and research universities attract talent, data and capital. Concentration can deepen capability and also foreclose entry, which brings competition and merger control into innovation policy. Mechanism Fragility to shocks Ecosystems depend on a few anchor institutions, open routes for talent and stable public funding. Losing an anchor, a visa route or a funding line can unwind connections built over decades. 04 Key terms Terms used on this page. Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body. Term Definition GERD Gross domestic expenditure on research and development, measured under the OECD Frascati Manual. Innovation-active enterprise A firm that introduced, or was working on, an innovation in the survey period, as the Oslo Manual defines it. Cluster A geographic concentration of interconnected firms and institutions in a field. 05 Indicators What is measured, and how well. Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority. Indicator Unit Cadence Source type Label Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance percent of GDP annual National R&D surveys under the Frascati Manual OFFICIAL Business enterprise researchers full-time equivalents per thousand employment annual National R&D surveys OFFICIAL Innovation-active enterprises cooperating with universities or public research percent of innovation-active enterprises biennial Community Innovation Survey OFFICIAL Public-private co-publications count per million population annual Bibliometric databases ESTIMATED Venture capital investment by stage percent of GDP annual Official venture statistics and commercial databases REPORTED International co-invention percent of patent families with foreign co-inventors annual Patent databases ESTIMATED Researcher mobility between sectors and countries count of researchers changing affiliation annual Bibliometric affiliation tracking MODELLED 06 Canvas From sources to decisions. The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them. Pipeline canvas \u00b7 Innovation ecosystems as a run graph Design, not a record Innovation ecosystems: the LEAP approach to nature-related issues Locate the interface with nature and sensitive locations, Evaluate dependencies and impacts, Assess the risks and opportunities they create, and Prepare strategy, targets and disclosure. Design of the process, not a record of a run. runs \/ innovation-nexus \/ tnfd-leap \/ innovation-ecosystems DESIGN RUN + \u2212 FIT PLAY LAYOUT \u00b7 LR SCOPE LOCATE EVALUATE ASSESS PREPARE depend impact Scoping TASK business model value chain DONE Locate DATASET sites \u00b7 biomes Public interest lab DONE Sensitive locations DATASET integrity \u00b7 importance water stress DONE Dependencies MODEL ecosystem services materiality RUNNING Impacts MODEL drivers of change state of nature RUNNING Assess GATE risks \u00b7 opportunities prioritised GATE Prepare TASK strategy \u00b7 targets metrics QUEUED Disclose DECISION Public sector buyer with limits AUTHORITY RUN TIMELINE \u00b7 ONE ASSESSMENT Scope Locate Evaluate Assess Prepare Scoping Locate Sensitive locations Dependencies Impacts Assess Prepare NOW INSPECTOR \u00b7 SELECTED NODE Dependencies \u00b7 running OWNER Public sector buyer INPUTS located sites OUTPUTS materiality ratings EVIDENCE ASSESSED \u00b7 sources cited UNLOCKS Assess Fig. 02 Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run. 07 Sources Where the evidence comes from. Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished. Source What it gives Licence class OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI) R&D expenditure, personnel and government R&D budgets by country and sector Open, attribution (OECD terms) Eurostat Community Innovation Survey Firm innovation activity, cooperation and barriers, harmonised under the Oslo Manual Open aggregates, attribution; microdata by research access WIPO Global Innovation Index Innovation input and output indicators and science and technology cluster data by economy Free, attribution (WIPO terms) European Innovation Scoreboard (European Commission) Comparative innovation performance of EU member states and neighbours Free reuse, attribution EPO PATSTAT Bibliographic and legal-status data on patent applications worldwide Licensed by the European Patent Office EC-OECD STIP Compass National science, technology and innovation policy initiatives, instruments and budgets Free, attribution (OECD terms) 08 Decisions Who decides, and what the evidence serves. Innovation Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform. Who decides The question Evidence this page serves Ministries of science, innovation and economy Where public funding, infrastructure or brokerage would strengthen the ecosystem most Ecosystem maps with anchors and gaps; funding-stage analyses Innovation agencies and research councils Which collaboration instruments to run, renew or close Cooperation indicators from innovation surveys; evaluation designs for each instrument Competition authorities Whether an acquisition or a practice forecloses entry in an innovative market Concentration of talent, data, patents and capital around the parties; prior merger-review records Immigration and higher-education authorities How visa and research-mobility rules affect the talent flows ecosystems rely on Researcher mobility estimates with their method stated Outputs this topic produces Ecosystem maps of actors, links and anchor institutions, with data gaps marked Funding-stage gap analyses across research, early-stage and scale-up finance Dependency registers showing which links rest on a single institution or route Programme designs for intermediaries such as clusters and technology centres 09 Core questions What experts ask. Ecosystem questions are about connections, not only capacities. Who are the actors, and how strong are the links between them? How do ideas, people, capital and data move through the ecosystem? Where do promising ideas stall, and why? What role do public institutions play: funder, customer, regulator, convener or all four? Is the ecosystem open to newcomers, or dominated by a few incumbents? 10 Mechanisms Mechanisms and drivers. Innovation emerges from interaction. Universities produce knowledge and graduates; firms turn knowledge into products; investors take on risk; public institutions fund research, buy solutions and set rules; intermediaries such as incubators and technology transfer offices broker connections. When any link is weak, for example when researchers and firms rarely meet, or public buyers cannot purchase new solutions, the system underperforms regardless of individual excellence. Ecosystems are path-dependent: early successes attract talent and capital, which attract more. That creates strong clusters but also concentration and exclusion, and it makes ecosystems hard to build from scratch. Shocks travel through the same links, so the loss of a major firm, funder or university programme can weaken a whole ecosystem. 11 Methods and data How it is studied, and where the methods stop. Method or data What it shows Limits Network and collaboration analysis Links between actors through co-publication, co-patenting and contracts Formal links miss informal collaboration Innovation surveys Firm innovation activity and barriers Self-reported and periodic Case studies of ecosystems How specific ecosystems developed Hard to generalize from unique histories Systems mapping Flows and bottlenecks across the system Depends on the judgement of those mapping it 12 Methods How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say. 01 Policy, institutional and decision science Mandate and gap mapping \u00b7 Programme evaluation design \u00b7 Comparative regulatory analysis Applied here Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons \u2197 02 Systems engineering Requirements traceability for AI governance \u00b7 Readiness gates for transfer programmes Applied here Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons \u2197 03 Artificial intelligence and machine learning Coding policy and legal texts \u00b7 Mapping patents and papers to technologies Applied here Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons \u2197 What the methods cannot say Ecosystem maps capture formal, recorded links such as co-publications, patents and contracts, and miss the informal exchanges that often matter most. Composite indices combine indicators with chosen weights, so rankings shift with method. Venture data come largely from commercial providers with uneven coverage outside major markets. Innovation Nexus describes ecosystem structure; it does not rank places or recommend investments, which remain for funders and their governing bodies. 13 Questions Questions and answers. What is the difference between an ecosystem and a cluster?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A cluster is a geographic concentration of related firms and institutions. An ecosystem is the wider web of actors, rules and flows, which may span regions and borders.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why not use a single innovation index?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Composite indices are useful summaries, but their weights are choices. Innovation Nexus shows the component indicators so readers can see what drives any comparison.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can strong ecosystems be built by policy?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Policy can fund research, infrastructure and intermediaries and set fair rules. Connections and trust take longer to form, and evaluations of cluster policies show effects that depend heavily on context.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can an innovation ecosystem be designed?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Partly. Policy can strengthen links, fund research and support intermediaries, but ecosystems grow through the choices of many actors and cannot be dictated.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why do public institutions matter so much?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because they fund much basic research, are major buyers, set rules and can convene actors who would otherwise not meet.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does Innovation Nexus support specific ventures?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. It convenes institutions and publishes governance analysis. It does not fund, mentor commercially or promote individual ventures.\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#terms\",\"name\":\"Key terms: Innovation ecosystems\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#webpage\"},\"hasDefinedTerm\":[{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"GERD\",\"description\":\"Gross domestic expenditure on research and development, measured under the OECD Frascati Manual.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Innovation-active enterprise\",\"description\":\"A firm that introduced, or was working on, an innovation in the survey period, as the Oslo Manual defines it.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Cluster\",\"description\":\"A geographic concentration of interconnected firms and institutions in a field.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/#terms\"}}]}]}<\/script>\n\n<!-- nx-rev:126155d41273b887 -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LightDarkAuto R02 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 innovation-ecosystemsGRF dossier \u00b7 service level R0 GRF\u00b7Innovation Nexus\u00b7Established Topic dossier \u00b7 Innovation Nexus Innovation ecosystems An innovation ecosystem is the set of researchers, firms, investors, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/topics\/innovation-ecosystems\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Innovation ecosystems&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":17651,"menu_order":531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17667","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17667","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17667"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17667\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17705,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17667\/revisions\/17705"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17651"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/innovation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}