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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2rn8by9.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"grf\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 Disaster and Crisis Governance<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Early warning governance<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">An <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> works only if a forecast becomes an authoritative warning, the warning reaches people in a form they understand, and people and institutions know what to do. Each step has an owner: meteorological and hydrological services, disaster authorities, telecom operators, broadcasters and local leaders. This page sets out how early warning governance holds or breaks, the records that show it, and who decides.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the work runs.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"dag\"><div class=\"nx-hero-canvas\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Systems<\/strong> \u00b7 around this subject<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Illustrative<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-crisisgov-coord\" data-cx=\"crisisgov.coord\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Multi-agency coordination board: illustrative console with example names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Multi-agency coordination board<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Early warning governance \u00b7 National crisis centre \u00b7 Exercise EX-95<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure&#8217;s values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Coordination exercise<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GRF \u00b7 Disaster and Crisis Governance<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"4\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Who leads what<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-crisisgov-coord-t0\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-crisisgov-coord-t0\" aria-label=\"Who leads what\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Function<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Lead<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Support<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Mandate<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c4\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c4\">State<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-crisisgov-coord:r0-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Warning<\/td><td>Meteorological service<\/td><td>Civil protection<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Clear<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Active<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-crisisgov-coord:r0-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Evacuation<\/td><td>Municipality<\/td><td>Police<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Overlap<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Tasked<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-crisisgov-coord:r0-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Shelter<\/td><td>Social services<\/td><td>Volunteer society<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Clear<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Active<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-crisisgov-coord:r0-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\" aria-current=\"true\" data-cur=\"true\"><td>Public information<\/td><td>Crisis coordinator<\/td><td>All<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Gap<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Unassigned<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"2\" data-t=\"tl\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Exercise log<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-tl\"><li data-s=\"ok\"><span class=\"nx-cx-tt\">09:00<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-tag\">STA<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-tx\">Exercise start<\/span><\/li><li data-s=\"alert\"><span class=\"nx-cx-tt\">09:<span class=\"nx-cx-n\">38<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-tag\">WRN<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-tx\">Red warning issued<\/span><\/li><li data-s=\"watch\"><span class=\"nx-cx-tt\">10:<span class=\"nx-cx-n\">23<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-tag\">GAP<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-tx\">Two agencies issue conflicting advice<\/span><\/li><li data-s=\"live\"><span class=\"nx-cx-tt\">11:00<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-tag\">FIX<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-tx\">Single spokesperson named<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"queue\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">After-action items<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-q\"><li><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>AA-1<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qb\"><span class=\"nx-cx-qt\">Assign public information lead in law<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qm\">Policy owner<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-age\"><span class=\"nx-cx-n\">71<\/span> d<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>AA-2<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qb\"><span class=\"nx-cx-qt\">Shared situation picture between agencies<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qm\">Crisis centre<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-age\"><span class=\"nx-cx-n\">34<\/span> d<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Multi-agency coordination board: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Early warning governance.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig.<\/strong><span>Multi-agency coordination board: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Early warning governance: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Responsibility for decisions and warnings. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M19.07 4.93A10 10 0 0 0 6.99 3.34\"\/><path d=\"M4 6h.01\"\/><path d=\"M2.29 9.62A10 10 0 1 0 21.31 8.35\"\/><path d=\"M16.24 7.76A6 6 0 1 0 8.23 16.67\"\/><path d=\"M12 18h.01\"\/><path d=\"M17.99 11.66A6 6 0 0 1 15.77 16.67\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"m13.41 10.59 5.66-5.66\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Forecast and warning authority split<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Technical agencies forecast; disaster authorities warn and order action. Unclear mandates produce conflicting messages or delays while agencies decide who should speak.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M4.9 19.1C1 15.2 1 8.8 4.9 4.9\"\/><path d=\"M7.8 16.2c-2.3-2.3-2.3-6.1 0-8.5\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M16.2 7.8c2.3 2.3 2.3 6.1 0 8.5\"\/><path d=\"M19.1 4.9C23 8.8 23 15.1 19.1 19\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Last-mile delivery fails<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Warnings that rely on one channel miss people without phones, power or the language used. Cell broadcast, radio, sirens and community networks each reach different groups.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"6\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Thresholds drive action<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Warning levels must be tied to pre-agreed actions. If thresholds are too low, false alarms erode trust; too high, warnings come late.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"19\" cy=\"5\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"19\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M10.4 21.9a10 10 0 0 0 9.941-15.416\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 2.1a10 10 0 0 0-9.841 15.416\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning from misses<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Every warned and unwarned event is evidence. Without verification of warnings against impacts, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> cannot calibrate thresholds or fix the steps that failed.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Hazards now in the Caribbean.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Flood water, population density and active fires over the Caribbean, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"caribbean:disaster\" data-ml-points=\"on\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"disaster\" data-ml-plan=\"p-c4a7a2e7\" data-ml-relief=\"1.3\" data-ml-view=\"3d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:disaster\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.water.flood gibs.health.people gibs.energy.fires gibs.water.imerg gibs.energy.ntl gibs.water.true ev.eonet ev.usgs r.imerg f.ens f.flood r.goese gx.nhc gx.ems\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-disaster\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-disaster\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-85.5,10,-59,24\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Hazards now, the Caribbean: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"flood,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">People and floods<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"flood||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Floods this week<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"fires||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Fires and flaring<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Hazards now, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"flood\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Flood water\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Flood water, 3-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS Global Flood Product \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"flood\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.flood\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"fires\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"1\" data-wm-breaks=\"10,50,200\" data-wm-short=\"Fires and flares\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE FIRMS\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Active fires and thermal anomalies<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE FIRMS VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"MW\">Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"fires\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.fires\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE FIRMS<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"imerg\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Precipitation\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite estimate, near real time\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Precipitation rate, daily mean<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC GPM IMERG \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"imerg\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.imerg\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite estimate, near real time<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"6\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 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class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Hazards now, framed on the Caribbean.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 U.S. Geological Survey \u00b7 NASA GPM IMERG Early<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.firms\">NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gpm.imerg\">GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Live: NASA GPM IMERG Early. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (20 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R-P02\/topics\/early-warning-governance\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Disaster and Crisis Governance live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-label=\"Indicators, Policy scenarios, Sources, Anticipatory action\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Indicators, Policy scenarios, Sources, Anticipatory action\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-indicators\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Indicators<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Policy scenarios<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument-2\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Anticipatory action<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Countries with multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">reported yes or no and score<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> Monitor, target G<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">DECLARED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Population covered by mobile warning channels<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">share of population<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Telecom regulator and operator records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">CAP-compliant warning feeds published<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">yes or no, by authority<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">on change<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">WMO alert hub registers<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Warning <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 lead-time\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The interval between issuing a forecast or warning and the onset of the event it concerns.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">lead time<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hours before impact<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Warning logs against event records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 false-alarm\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A warning or trigger that is issued when the event does not then occur.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">False alarm<\/a> ratio<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">share of warnings without matching impact<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Warning verification<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Warning-to-action protocols agreed<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of hazards with protocols<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">on review<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National and local plans<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">DECLARED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R-P02\/topics\/early-warning-governance\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Policy scenarios<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Compare instruments: rules, incentives and information.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Three families of instruments side by side against the baseline, each with its own lag and adoption speed, under the coverage and compliance you set; effect sizes are teaching values to replace with evidence. Scenario: named assumptions about the future, not a forecast. The map on this page shows The Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-vernance-topics-early-warning-governance-0\" data-nxi=\"policy\" data-nxi-id=\"policy\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"Compare instruments: rules, incentives and information\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-vernance-topics-early-warning-governance-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Outcome by option\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Baseline trend of the outcome<\/dt><dd>2.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coverage of the instrument<\/dt><dd>70%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Compliance<\/dt><dd>75%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Effect size, against the teaching value<\/dt><dd>100%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years ahead<\/dt><dd>20 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Largest reduction at the horizon<\/dt><dd>Pre-arranged finance and triggers<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Its reduction against the baseline<\/dt><dd>21%<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pre-arranged finance and triggers<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Early warning coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Community preparedness<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>100.0<\/td><td>98.9<\/td><td>99.4<\/td><td>98.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">1<\/th><td>102.0<\/td><td>99.4<\/td><td>100.9<\/td><td>99.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2<\/th><td>104.0<\/td><td>98.6<\/td><td>102.1<\/td><td>99.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">3<\/th><td>106.1<\/td><td>96.1<\/td><td>102.8<\/td><td>99.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>108.2<\/td><td>93.1<\/td><td>103.0<\/td><td>99.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">5<\/th><td>110.4<\/td><td>91.1<\/td><td>102.6<\/td><td>100.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">6<\/th><td>112.6<\/td><td>90.8<\/td><td>102.0<\/td><td>101.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">7<\/th><td>114.9<\/td><td>91.5<\/td><td>101.6<\/td><td>103.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">8<\/th><td>117.2<\/td><td>92.9<\/td><td>101.8<\/td><td>105.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">9<\/th><td>119.5<\/td><td>94.6<\/td><td>102.6<\/td><td>107.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">10<\/th><td>121.9<\/td><td>96.4<\/td><td>103.8<\/td><td>109.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">11<\/th><td>124.3<\/td><td>98.3<\/td><td>105.4<\/td><td>111.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">12<\/th><td>126.8<\/td><td>100.2<\/td><td>107.2<\/td><td>113.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">13<\/th><td>129.4<\/td><td>102.2<\/td><td>109.2<\/td><td>115.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">14<\/th><td>131.9<\/td><td>104.2<\/td><td>111.3<\/td><td>118.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">15<\/th><td>134.6<\/td><td>106.3<\/td><td>113.5<\/td><td>120.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">16<\/th><td>137.3<\/td><td>108.5<\/td><td>115.7<\/td><td>122.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">17<\/th><td>140.0<\/td><td>110.6<\/td><td>118.0<\/td><td>125.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">18<\/th><td>142.8<\/td><td>112.8<\/td><td>120.3<\/td><td>127.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">19<\/th><td>145.7<\/td><td>115.1<\/td><td>122.7<\/td><td>130.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">20<\/th><td>148.6<\/td><td>117.4<\/td><td>125.2<\/td><td>133.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>Tools of government <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan<\/span><\/li><li>Carrots, sticks and sermons <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction<\/span><\/li><li>Diffusion of innovations <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page&#8217;s map can draw:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-src\"><li>Borders <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Cities <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">Compare instruments: rules, incentives and information. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Tools of government (Hood (1983), The Tools of Government, Macmillan); Carrots, sticks and sermons (Bemelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung (1998), Transaction); Diffusion of innovations (Rogers (2003), Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/foundry\/\">Disaster and Crisis Governance in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/universe\/\">Disaster and Crisis Governance in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/\">Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/reports\/\">Disaster and Crisis Governance in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/\">Faculty of Hazards, Disasters and Resilience in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> Monitor<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">National reporting on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> coverage (target G)<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, UNDRR terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WMO Global Multi-Hazard Alert System and alert hub<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Authoritative warnings in Common Alerting Protocol format<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, WMO terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Early Warnings for All progress reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Status of the four pillars by country<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to read, UN terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WMO State of Climate Services reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Capacity of national meteorological and hydrological services<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, WMO terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ITU and GSMA mobile coverage data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Mobile network coverage relevant to warning delivery<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">ITU statistics free; GSMA proprietary, terms to check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National warning verification reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Performance of warnings against impacts<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, terms per agency<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R-P02\/topics\/early-warning-governance\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument-2\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Anticipatory action<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From forecast to early action, by pillar.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The chain from an impact model to an evaluated early action, each step with the pillar that runs it, and the decisions that stay with the authorities. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-vernance-topics-early-warning-governance-1\" aria-label=\"From forecast to early action, by pillar\"><ol class=\"nx-in-steps\"><li><strong>Risk and impact model<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Foundry<\/span><br>Impact thresholds are set from hazard, exposure and vulnerability. <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Coughlan de Perez and others (2015)<\/span><\/li><li><strong>Trigger and protocol agreed<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Nexus Standards<\/span><br>A forecast probability and lead time that trigger action are written down in advance. <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Coughlan de Perez and others (2015)<\/span><\/li><li><strong>Pre-arranged finance<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Competent authority (outside the programme)<\/span><br>Funds are committed before the event by those who hold them. <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">WMO (2022)<\/span><\/li><li><strong>Simulation exercise<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Universe<\/span><br>The protocol is exercised end to end before it is needed. <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">WMO (2022)<\/span><\/li><li><strong>Forecast crosses the trigger<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Foundry<\/span><br>The forecast is read against the trigger; the decision to act is recorded. <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Coughlan de Perez and others (2015)<\/span><\/li><li><strong>Early action<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Competent authority (outside the programme)<\/span><br>Responders act in the window before the impact, under their own mandates. <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">WMO (2022)<\/span><\/li><li><strong>Training of responders<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Risk Academy<\/span><br>Responders learn the protocol and its limits. <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">WMO (2022)<\/span><\/li><li><strong>Evaluation published<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Reports<\/span><br>What was triggered, what was done and what it avoided is published. <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Coughlan de Perez and others (2015)<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>Forecast-based financing <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Coughlan de Perez and others (2015), NHESS 15<\/span><\/li><li>Early warnings for all <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">WMO (2022), Executive Action Plan 2023\u20132027<\/span><\/li><li>Layered drawing of directed graphs <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Sugiyama, Tagawa and Toda (1981), IEEE SMC 11<\/span><\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">From forecast to early action, by pillar: the steps as recorded, each with its pillar; sources as cited on each step.<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/foundry\/\">Disaster and Crisis Governance in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/universe\/\">Disaster and Crisis Governance in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/\">Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/reports\/\">Disaster and Crisis Governance in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/\">Faculty of Hazards, Disasters and Resilience in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-label=\"Decisions, Twin and cascade simulator, Core questions, Instruments and commitments\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Decisions, Twin and cascade simulator, Core questions, Instruments and commitments\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Decisions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Instruments and commitments<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Disaster and Crisis Governance prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National meteorological and hydrological services<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">What to forecast, at what resolution, and how to issue technical alerts<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Verification records and user requirements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Disaster management authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When to issue public warnings and evacuation orders<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Threshold and protocol designs, and lessons from past events<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Telecom regulators and operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether cell broadcast or location-based alerts are mandated and how<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Coverage data and comparable regulatory arrangements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Local leaders and community organisations<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How warnings are relayed and acted on locally<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Community warning practice and evaluation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Maps of warning mandates from forecast to public action<\/li><li>Guide to the four pillars of people-centred <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a><\/li><li>Dialogue briefs on last-mile channels and accessible formats<\/li><li>Method note on verifying warnings against impacts<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Exercise a cascade in early warning governance with the people who decide.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/early-warning\/early-warning-and-anticipatory-action\/\">Early warning and anticipatory action<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and communities that carry the loss, the controls and institutions that dampen it and the data that observe it. Pick an initiating event and step through the cascade to see where mandates meet and which decisions fall to whom. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every weight is a stated assumption. An exercise for dialogue, not a forecast, an assessment or a position. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-early-warning-governance-R-P02\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.ice-jam-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"River water backing up behind an ice blockage and flooding adjacent land, sometimes with ice and debris.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\">Ice-jam flood<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">Tropical cyclone<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">Heatwave<\/a><\/li><li>HIV epidemic<\/li><li>Storm surge (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Intense rainfall (set off downstream)<\/li><li>River flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Flash flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Dangerous surf (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Widespread power outage (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mass displacement (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Extreme fire weather (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Wildfire<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Heat-driven grid stress (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Agricultural drought (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Flash drought (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Snow drought (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/early-warning\/early-warning-and-anticipatory-action\/\">Early warning and anticipatory action<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">Hydrometeorological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/disaster-and-climate-risk-finance\/\">Disaster and climate risk finance<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/society\/information-integrity-and-trust\/\">Information integrity and trust<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Feedback<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-security-and-nutrition-risk\/\">Food security and nutrition risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-C7<\/code> Early warning, triggers and anticipatory action<\/li><li><code>NRS-S9<\/code> System profile: <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s9\" data-tc=\"NXS-AAP\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Anticipatory action and triggers\" data-ts=\"NRS-S9\">NXS-AAP<\/a> (Anticipatory action and triggers)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H117<\/code> Hazard family: Social cohesion and atrocity risk (NHS-1 soc.cohesion)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H83<\/code> Hazard family: Health system capacity failure (NHS-1 health.system)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H98<\/code> Hazard family: Agentic AI acting at scale (NHS-1 tech.ai-agentic)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H22<\/code> Hazard family: Solar-terrestrial storms (NHS-1 space.solar-storm)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>NWS API active alerts (CAP 1.2 as GeoJSON) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>GloFAS global flood forecasts and reanalysis (listed for reference)<\/li><li>ECMWF open data (IFS and AIFS real-time forecasts) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Number of countries that have multi-hazard early warning systems<\/li><li>Number of countries that have multi-hazard monitoring and forecasting systems<\/li><li>Number of people per 100,000 covered by early warning information through local governments or national dissemination mechanisms<\/li><li>Number of countries with accessible, understandable, usable and relevant disaster risk information and assessment<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Southeast Asia: 51 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface air temperature, daytime (AIRS), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What governance experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Effective <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> saves lives and reduces losses, and international initiatives aim to extend warning coverage to everyone. Yet many failures of warning have been failures of governance: a forecast existed but no one had authority to act on it, a warning was issued but did not say what to do, or it reached some groups and not others. The warning chain is only as strong as its weakest institutional link.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Which authority is legally responsible for issuing each type of warning, and how is that responsibility coordinated across hazards?<\/li><li>What decisions should a warning trigger, by whom, and are those decisions agreed in advance?<\/li><li>Do warnings reach everyone at risk, including people with disabilities, speakers of other languages and those without mobile phones?<\/li><li>How are false alarms and missed events reviewed, and how is trust maintained?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Instruments and commitments<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How early warning governance is governed: instruments, mandates and commitments.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The instruments, mandates, actors and accountability arrangements a policymaker, diplomat or development agency works with, citing the agreements that set them. Structures follow the frameworks named. Any state or progress drawn is illustrative, not a record.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"governance\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"mandate-timeline\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Mandates and agreements over time<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The agreements that set mandates and commitments on early warning governance, from adoption to their current horizon.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-au-tl\"><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">2015<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-tl-t\">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">UNDRR<\/span><\/li><li data-au-now=\"latest\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">2015<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-tl-t\">2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">United Nations<\/span><\/li><li data-au-now=\"horizon\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">2030<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-tl-t\">Horizon of the 2030 Agenda and the Sendai Framework<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">United Nations<\/span><\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Adoption years of the agreements named; the texts and their bodies are the authority. Chosen from the page&#8217;s fields.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction \u00b7 UNDRR<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Paris Agreement \u00b7 UNFCCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals \u00b7 United Nations<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">International Health Regulations \u00b7 WHO<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-label=\"Mechanisms, Methods and evidence, Methods, Connected\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Mechanisms, Methods and evidence, Methods, Connected\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-evidence\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-15-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Connected<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the arrangements work.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The warning chain has four linked elements, each with its own owners.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M19.07 4.93A10 10 0 0 0 6.99 3.34\"\/><path d=\"M4 6h.01\"\/><path d=\"M2.29 9.62A10 10 0 1 0 21.31 8.35\"\/><path d=\"M16.24 7.76A6 6 0 1 0 8.23 16.67\"\/><path d=\"M12 18h.01\"\/><path d=\"M17.99 11.66A6 6 0 0 1 15.77 16.67\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"m13.41 10.59 5.66-5.66\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Knowledge<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Risk and monitoring<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Understanding of hazards and exposure, and monitoring and forecasting, largely the work of scientific agencies. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/\">Climate and Hazards<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m14.5 12.5-8 8a2.119 2.119 0 1 1-3-3l8-8\"\/><path d=\"m16 16 6-6\"\/><path d=\"m8 8 6-6\"\/><path d=\"m9 7 8 8\"\/><path d=\"m21 11-8-8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Authority<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Issuing warnings<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A designated authority turns forecasts into public warnings with clear meaning and instructions.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M4.9 19.1C1 15.2 1 8.8 4.9 4.9\"\/><path d=\"M7.8 16.2c-2.3-2.3-2.3-6.1 0-8.5\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M16.2 7.8c2.3 2.3 2.3 6.1 0 8.5\"\/><path d=\"M19.1 4.9C23 8.8 23 15.1 19.1 19\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reach<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Dissemination and response<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Warnings reach people through multiple channels, and people know how to respond. Preparedness turns a message into action.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 anticipatory-action\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Actions taken ahead of a predicted hazard, on the basis of a forecast or risk analysis, to prevent or reduce its humanitarian impacts before they fully unfold.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Anticipatory action<\/a> has added a new governance dimension. When funds or actions are released automatically once a forecast crosses a threshold, the choice of threshold, data source and decision owner becomes a governance decision with real consequences. Who sets the trigger, who can override it and who reviews it afterwards must be agreed in advance and recorded.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Why now: the UN Early Warnings for All initiative (2022) aims for everyone to be covered by multi-hazard warnings by 2027, and the hardest part is the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 last-mile\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The final step of warning delivery to the people at risk, often where warning systems fail.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">last mile<\/a> from a forecast to an action. The platform is designed to convene the authorities that issue warnings and those that must act on them; exercises never send a real warning.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-evidence\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and its limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Warning chain analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Examines each step from detection to action to find delays and gaps. Requires access to operational records.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Post-event review<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Reviews of warning performance after events, including false alarms and missed warnings.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Social research<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Studies of how people perceive and act on warnings, which vary with trust, experience and circumstance.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Decision analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Methods for setting warning thresholds under uncertainty, applying <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/decision-analysis\/\">decision analysis under uncertainty<\/a>. Thresholds balance missed events against false alarms.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/stem\/decision-analysis\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Decision analysis under uncertainty<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Warning thresholds and false alarms \u00b7 Pre-agreed triggers for action<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/decision-analysis\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Decision analysis under uncertainty\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/stem\/policy-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Policy, institutional and decision science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Comparing emergency law \u00b7 Tracing recurring findings \u00b7 Mapping coordination structures<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/policy-science\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Policy, institutional and decision science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/stem\/optimization\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Optimisation and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Pre-positioning relief stocks \u00b7 Evacuation and relief routing \u00b7 Sequencing recovery investment<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/optimization\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Optimisation and operations research\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Coverage indicators are self-reported and do not show whether people received or acted on warnings. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 lead-time\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The interval between issuing a forecast or warning and the onset of the event it concerns.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Lead time<\/a> and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 false-alarm\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A warning or trigger that is issued when the event does not then occur.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">false alarm<\/a> measures depend on how events and warnings are matched. Many <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> lack published verification. Disaster and Crisis Governance compares arrangements; it does not issue or relay warnings, and nothing on these pages is a warning.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/disaster-resilience\/topics\/early-warning-readiness\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr><\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Early warning readiness<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Public warning authority remains separate from programme readiness evidence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-label=\"Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-16-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-16-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is people-centred early warning?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">An approach in which warning systems are designed around the people at risk, covering knowledge of the risk, forecasting, communication and preparedness to act, as set out in the Early Warnings for All pillars.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the Common Alerting Protocol?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">An open standard, adopted by OASIS and ITU, that formats warnings so they can be distributed consistently across sirens, broadcast, mobile and online channels.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does this platform issue warnings?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Authority warnings come from the authorities mandated in each country. The platform studies how warning systems are governed.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform issue warnings?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Warnings are issued only by competent authorities. The Consortium is not an emergency service. In an emergency, follow the instructions of your local authorities and emergency services.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do people ignore warnings?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Reasons include distrust of the source, past false alarms, unclear instructions, inability to act, such as lacking transport, and competing risks, such as fear of looting.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is impact-based forecasting?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Forecasting that describes what a hazard is likely to do to people and assets, not only its physical intensity, so that warnings link directly to decisions.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who is accountable when a warning fails?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The authorities responsible for each link in the chain, under their own law and oversight. Reviews should focus on learning and system improvement.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Risks Forum<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Disaster and Crisis Governance<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Universe Annual Synthesis<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Global Risks Forum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/disaster-crisis-governance\/topics\/early-warning-governance#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-risis-governance-topics-early-warning-governance-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-risis-governance-topics-early-warning-governance-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-risis-governance-topics-early-warning-governance-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\/nxs-ews\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Nxs-ews<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/preparedness-crisis-management\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Preparedness, emergency and crisis management<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Geophysical hazard standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Disaster and Crisis Governance<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a governance question to the Forum.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/write-to-us\/session-proposal\/\">Propose a dialogue <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-18\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-18\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><details class=\"nx-mt-3\"><summary class=\"nx-link\">Show all 18 legal documents<\/summary><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/details><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. 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