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Cc4xjOiR2zJEHFGG3ZBlzrpjyL0YZsA9ZidG81DiQeARLPAQJHgEBjIJdsUSHYPF\/aF69plucsZy+ans+XNr7S9lKek9Z2T8omzVCeiAD4kGaJd9abd7xzZUVaeGdQoFxBTbc87DvRGV906Bv9cZFpdBuMToNTzz+8U3sHvf1+6xyymwrAFwXW1tZ4LI9wr+vjQW7q66282dORa\/a7xK874LzxM3OTy3APgPbMihdbOzumejvK3pO2fN\/fVfbX7gHTvtguvU7ZrVoIOAfzOplTPe\/MCYX8GliWdMzZwJili1INEV6VmuqC\/T\/mhLi0hvxDf\/yWVDz4xJ4rcqPzm8KsGjJDWmQNgC8dsgU5Am+0ZzsOohKTS\/lEogdmsY3TkIzSIKG35gOnWTqci2bpU840cOTcCtA01SfSIQcxyld7ZbJuPwDnkbkvlvGJzUB7YnPMD8fphlhxsglE4+4w3txtDxsKpw\/lzKvH7FYzBC7A9bEus8xDR8dDdWkGE7pH9oRN9DoHB2+\/F6Mnl9pvUrUKbnQCnK83HmEke8DiMUVWxY2fnDt6PFJNSujRZV917Mn8Le7c4lSu6VU45WiQN8T22D7r+zD5JWbJLeRIoWm2bBe4mnXuyFVEh2TZN4sXzZtjNC1m5iwbE1qcXnH9KC1D026Idp9QgyYZMaKW7BdWzZwcCGD9b22cbm72LMHxZTxex1W84UNx1syNfILKyJq6Lz5oNBPXmplnfPa+DU+848zgA8rqRj6N9PSfSfua\/j9T6svsmJJZHS8Km9biYv7gsZmU9urfMRqrWHJBPpw+VvBArI3gmOPjs4XMUCowBjNG6JqhcVT+xihQzwyoPQdoV0jGxDJEJ1kvm2PizYWtkbkwBqsrXjGdMD8GAR8Hnhwz5qblj\/qE3Jml4wVpQp6s2tPHdREb18Xbfdr9vq+3BT7Po8HB80iYEjFhSmXIUgMxHoEYr7WhR4OBaxLohgzM9SQYVdqmimf\/8ILeyQpUL0iv7wjk17QqT9ch1LhnjBHyKwb9Pz8F57fVj6YcXrT3QsW2HwL48yWv0dX65cq8R2r1fbKZ0Kb9w1e+8hxw8U\/X\/4FPWk3BEkhIKvBKx9eGwhJQH7sSDzYejqLdEqHgdfGqfnfjeD8MAmDPl02Oj0+DAu+BU5epZdDCDiw5PRfrglO9cAYe4\/qCuwUOSZF6kEN7WWXkQGt7KFSKvAwHHQN8pG8s8jLUS2Pyv93xQyPkSCMVQ1jm9ecn5+nrdSR7u0JnBJpPzppL457IIJ4JbE9f2BDDU0M3s3YLNg8tTzlRbUhYAkwdRPyq7tNsg3D803TV5voPE1qacnBSCnUYThePm1W7zewDeWZfW7Sl2vJS4WTRGqkPqZ2hY7JtYWdkjMtnY8dcOVU0RUL4I+VRoPkcw2nxmdJPxN4PJisWmpExKhXTGBTfUheClGaVo0ji8PzJxBy94XTO0ZvCTxEqD4+WKH6k33Jb\/WFDJ4WO83fzURh0v4+Lwo7vUR4KC\/NRDgoDc45\/4sx3UBhMCgUmeSjOfp7HwYAf1jSu6LOxxzECVvJjgimaTqCoyjNSzOc\/t08eOmH\/BTV\/qkBW1B8yY\/vB3DRpPcUUmoPvllmr0hP+rEGaztxJMRLgms7emXA\/NsLA47phDvvWrE8uT2P\/Vi3HA1ZN5Nvg\/g28gKoBign+b\/mlXvwLfTzruoC\/g7W5H9XvtjzzGH+fFVoY5aMWaQGsN3PJ4Lt\/xCQjx9NVJiZpf5CUdjsyFOriv5KU2fUUDsMg+lxppwzC1yzgqiLdZQikzA7dHUOAnP2oUdNkxaHeLZ7gd9t+Wj\/VtdX+n\/v0kMsfjD6Nctqpt\/BaPq\/2RnrSk6am9RyF5jQpJuYjyFJqDG8Gq9zH0TI5vznEnuH6NAvq9Ga\/vzezboM5aM2tZlthzPnzD6SMEXLbjgMLYYYdhHkkppmYIzLf2gjnfAp+C39t3C8t86y8qgdphn0OxtgkPY92xF81O39V5Xn\/RvNldguPzUtxAostUUEKZ1kPK3N0V7GBeSVkHdWaLRebt\/Zt3ZgN+o6Kph5NVOL4+Veaw\/h1KttQUS9pFDT5Tl0xmyPKz7PLVrdFb5KyaVAyVrXa7Qpay3Wbb7yYgUm76plUn9+\/SmmMPS\/qJoMv723FpUEQXS5VTnG\/kO7YBFdJ4VFJmmND+8LHeOdkA8pn4bqWntzxnQkuw+2vOPi4aYtt90ki+inEXsaUFTVqFtZiY5MCplKOnEiXIVkzLvHpMIm3+Lj63B\/6KV6zBH3lIs+aLR2xny7f5ispd9QpDU3eYgIOeP8OS6L2oALZkeM2Km8+u7BnNhhBVWGZ8xaenr6iTBC9rGfsWINB\/wziXDqpfzfjHnwWg8VMT+UO5xJkXOJJTAHHs9O1YEogno1Ed7Ctfyvx\/ihpNiAJb9QK9JmnH7SAzmXVzGEom74rDXAaFd1cVh+ykJHpT1+0YFFyQHTjW\/dxeBwDzaFClN1FNPKpmNkT6ak6ZXgD\/Ux+PZEvNP+Qhgyq\/+zzzqmMAErKAt1ycKUDd9p8z9BNbFcw3VlMiE+Tb2JQ3cxF2v1BQ+eB3fxBeDAH0KD1nDEgmNWZpA\/RjAOKHdx4E4Pk0A1iOlmU1UJx+aY7XPiROrkBh48\/IycgJGJysxT2wqcbA28rqVWwmZwq0SlHMFlobHThwd\/fWN36c6Er2HPfcqFEcT9LDiR7WmIJv6y4Jl+rndV6\/s6QATRMbI3dMraks0teaLAQE12osEIUCy+TDDcNt8AfyFjMPKWBOsF+mox468wmvVVLwQ36uCCQCnS9az2dGG5WvGzKYuTcq072exf0VGI\/+msHdFeUzaeuKsHXVS97Mm0cvUOS4z2Y8FRZ3wfglUktHWdd30s7Pj59Eid3LpTJk3HZHGfgotPgA4Cr2Tfy6qtAAc3OXbjBHTR0pzvR+fOT\/fR1wLBJEIlpWKd6LhxHBYeUmJ0LyVVBcrwbIHkqSIRzcyH5KkheeAOkQAWJSNRcSFsVpO0tHA9VkMJbOB6pIEW3cNy2lAJl3cJz2x4RzltgqQXdvYXvtlLUbe8WzttKYbd9U96L1trMxHR7S1rd+Znp9y55NBxx02pCu\/KDxE0Lm+bZ0xMt3YizIs2KrEFSfagKJReIkpZeHPbHf6sSiv+gUPt\/6A7Uq5\/REu5s9W5iWLJEk0MWI2xMyhPICqF8XqIpn5eYls9j4X9lEprl2yKmSwmpYZne4kCC2rQuPc4zYMoYucL+k\/6IUsIeUUrE0lMac3KMfLH8vpZ6w00pNS6aHG6y8yT3Z4tl3cEsI76Ih8jav3dFc6QX4XxyV+J2RmIofvQINLtr5OguqsxO4IDmi0Rg8Ze4jpvSEm3G55dNRzzqC+oBtdUBvqNNnZeNUfWU\/u1OOae4OEiDrwFCIMEl19U1P4YrpGcdZJ6oaihc0WNpSiBMkK1QMf+KF0Aca1387\/+1+C\/o7VIv\/gmTUr0\/7ceKtITtXVP319DQXjH5qC3OSbYsMnr2XRivfLeZdr3tbYpvF3RByUMiNgIoHLFigibbsVlzqAAuVvH5CTQ5qLuEPDawg8sq4p+9YnsJF2jHP3vhk+yWIcA\/exXzh4KZ3f9wubbVXhOWVXWxg65LL\/+7pbXFP3sx\/rtbWhD\/kAdgc7hg4ds54XiWjciX0dqbAq9s8k\/NKzfBPzKvCM2WhlfWmvyYcal7WcmfFOAfBX9SD\/\/cVeFTyzKmzOf\/XxwznlhC\/Rjjw\/AiIOFIHZOuZDuhJdxO7ZlLuJyzNv8uw1m4mNxSblF0+OJAdgiP7PLhGdyH\/Wx5Ywnas0jskgC5CmFi8SKLp49UOpAzGIVExZszFZV08imxHLXC4kuqvU5xz\/bVWanhTPaRZE6JGh3vfLlqmYJ78+YKXxfKDk3EeSIJV43Hu04MRZMVr4R4nlQazrzvoSh85emO3CihyJWnZgLgqlFxGYqzblKexsBVn9Jos1mwO6+wfJXVguGIbpzlquLNFn8b4yx4OG+YdRjcgF892DpZXeKqL4zSNVsctGccRwaLv2DNLw2YIE2Rfp1E4Pq5nHfE3T6HHeKtPFrRczEuqogzreeUKptYJodj6AGpvLmwZoPoHTr27k79tuokRBrGYasuh\/u+QAMrmfQv8g03roV\/b4sNbhxr7pfEqM3O\/qvuhrfEu+HrBlTNnQR8SbLv3KXFzBKnC1bpwXdqcro86Xxih7CSs7qKua3eg5CURf7eMkRCEc5EYZh8TD4yztNnp\/fAOjm92LqdjgW4yrpBecb1dgxfSOFOqUDnfu6Fiqb41GnUBonSiVl+wbQNO6g6f6TixjQMrjJW3kxf7HgLEl7ydkdQf\/rC2uI4yXjxq1QeZHXLBa5ErLHp3hPfBTFW92ozlty79BY3biGkfe3T\/mdPOB1Y6YYJ4l\/cag6NFnGx9kxRHOtmmF+oSc+6P56q7q3OisFFpCgzuaKbjHSTTbC7i5tO0fDlD1f+Kmv6H\/nyWYmcx1QNn6Zv8euip7G9jp0Jt3cXtH8E7s4ZvGvdHiCdxRvexSuNZ8FVXL1lsxfAkD+k\/Dt\/Pg5VdULFds6di4Zcmtmd7c8SGIvmOEg0\/lq0xr1Nr2mf8AE8dUAMH1DlhP32s2XT5CcM+XZPPlmkDe74MoDPGbgz6gp7M\/3rqnytcZBiGA6xA4Y7w2dDG8wc2WCbF49R1JKef4GbeCa03W+dveCytafFgtHOLSMb34a9K2DCFY2WwwnzYDHl1UUBmY4jzkY1UpV9fsysLzh6vUd5S6UK22jA1rn7OPGHWgwmF8cb9h+\/Tv6WMOHoDfNsmUTLOGCMK0jo2cweLp9t\/N1ziX37eBMfZEnonmXFy+qBFHH3zosmoYk0zlGmujqWkaWu4\/qBPt6UV+em1Wr4K0qr1e1Om\/oouU9ipZgMil2T2j7tDXFwnJvhDAwUjyCveBT24o+Ljc3lyoR3+I0E768jDpkRJSyPQZPB\/TwnXv7cXPldyan\/fUY6KFT++9Lh4OwzMnwcglo4fOLSh8Vs23qttrZc8X38MojfSiJAeBA+PPKqFDXWvAzvZrRQctpwqNv5zuqja1ubZQ4wC7W61q7xrrmwSf5DdydbGEVzV5TxsITFxySsH7eFTY1TXM0XPFXOMk974N3Gc2FhNcxnphtIPt2WpJ4O\/YsSQ\/Yvu6DFRIKzHXLprGNmxegLq9XjgqOP+XRK2F\/YXGJ22iu4S5m48Z1hq27gp+t0pXJIvHm3IJsRH5LEMmcchqnk3W4jyc0hY9sOQ4v4mPGII\/WASM3kAEkoeyLr2HT3A88vfhvndmF5eNjuoyjtxEH1CZVU9+rCvc2h5\/XYLV7tF2WF\/FvVK14Z76CJ2Qt8PF3MV5EDobdtxbFpCP1xkfaTksqa3bwmf7T7D1V3k7d0VxlzVwsrQdRkIaPXnomQ1gicQ3N+Y09FEI8Wh2tW63GotwPtq4OeQP3SBhanVj7W+1\/TfN9T9vYpKxZ1dYjV7y1cXzjsIZ7+2DMULP7vkHBj1oXG+Hl85sWHo1CaVsLphX7xsxRXD4qVCm+dDN2KOSK+9sScEIAzET\/tfGBUThf1t37BUec1+YVWcxzeofi7QW64Z8O3wjpwQRm0Zn6fF10mRTLHTRVSHq9VWDfc+\/vQ4zWy2XdXPi4ZerezIIiiFGedMjAf66QpvZP138MCvP77M06cx\/p+d9u9tzpAbUSPNRtYiceD\/d38mNuZICqUdlQqdX7X6NSxF3qX1Ack9DH1Q4uSVBDtbyF7az9WDasyz2NQsalLdLvYIinDH0DXbtdZWj32O74dn1T4eswaRFQ36geN2XDfFjEneTnoBQ\/XDmAlcXXHOEbQMSV9e9hZQdYQovXHLrvCJ8c2TXk4sF5x25EUlxUSoe4rxzx9GF+iyrTysdRxEV+apiyu4HxGoAIFbPf\/2+nK1fv1xarTigSrh11vr0li1RgPgjng7LvKze3JfXOOLH7tWDMzT2uiLLMCFU11PVeorlEypLo+dvN0DPmMusDkTbks8EZ\/ZeOX+b7MSN8v0lzUWK3WYLX2laydOyMYMgGSjUwy1m8wBU0xrh89ApN1+sfH7GnP3yf8QhaJbrNQ3LUau8\/1BM4mNU9UB4weURKhL\/05Tp7iSnuZ3l6MbeZo1DjMzfGSCCXQ\/3apmyx93\/QeOFnaNzFqXhEq+PztGNSIlLMfEqa5Q1ldPQUStL47Z4clmjv+y+Y78+uD\/pDeXmW7SF+cdBhaUZ5n5zqrDehrf6cnIa6DUdRNH7paYKtQpw28rUYbdN9QKFz\/Y0KM+soRG9w0WgxEJ2AOs\/qzJ9X8QFj9xbDl5BQwtW3mDUYOLWmsn3mgH1Bm4wTOQ7rJZF2PlawLTGy6fggYwdfbYDBFPFrqSlzLXzCh9r2JMBsUb2voK7q2xsYNBXPbkmsoR7BBydcPK8xL8VSXQo9CvdvzGHzM9QHjwWolAQvHmYpRi\/WLWuepAhB9nWQks4EhDjWYKv+GUWTFoa8Bx1SVo9hXVxGLpTwZoB4BVj9f530meTRMVRx8nxB2TMQip6A+YuNoKFI3VKfjr7oH9XH0qnvr2XXGb7ufqGJOx0vPL981jwVQuyNW4\/gBPsy8ntVVUgHkPPRttas72GUx7Ne2AG8qPy+DU9XBNvCzelGmdQa\/yozAN+kCrijXTcdzx268MT7QRwNX\/JugQgBf+kfD49RPeFo84ZcI4CcuBY74PjioSP9yHnOsWeG20LgiIRVTuFuQBjkhsrNya5SnLfr7A41TbhRDFm2ZogsVyWBlPYIcIaGR0oJ\/ffRYR2JNj93\/UAi32flUpST3MkxEppXlp0Fq7fuzG2SRUMjhj5tzCriNT5Dgip\/9jiTMKpijBWj3L89v01uf0j7ls3d+W5H6nH8kM5pOa8Umvoic+kxosbV+WYTWL5iK0P9l4Vi\/rNtcmn\/ElgmHbWv9wm\/LPwwoYxD4viawRC840B+mHV6uG3BA15uP3qo3x3no6q1yE6t9gPFFW6vhsSEcjLV1OMB7eWmkOqdCeYPZKbETCKZrR1g\/PkAl6SgSxEVZy+LBX0GV7vyFZUvxq72an+RLPUrUHMukFm2K7vz\/WK8cG9rVFRd46m4+HNtPsG48rqhHjU9s3moHcYYLLX7N2zrMue37a3y2BG9wtVgzkvEJsFvotj02dNeeUpxIaBCvo9SHH9qhFFdKCmt7cccI+jpGpvtA6hKtpKrR5F5TewBsU1xOqMrgbtGAGF+KjRvqiZGQ00YK2ceZyAbrRs8QHHwxOKOsLdUmbmu56qp4uLLVni1DTvDSGx6EYvATVFdlrj3bKBXeEi909ScQHEr1PqpKkLsA9O+wt+hpNxcVIeXJYbanoseBDhbLnnlOfsVz\/3982mDLjPusbRdc9F76sOseiPLxJL30oDG5+YdFOUB1FFcLrG8WNKz6umiCMGvWBj2FYMLUvNNHASZoOpT3UXQoH00Pla17qWollAlxMXJooPIF8ojs3EYTI3bSLHDPb0Z8uns321HW3ptADeosQcJmm0qVSRtwZG8HhwI0biiHCYKiLGbqTm7fDidxhHN3NuUclY\/XxfosUaVxotz0M1sQ1+0Yb9Zk5MPQebA2eZMXVKOSCLpiAxpXJ3B1m4yD0WxiJptYsqLjM+ksDErIaKeLm3PqGUUNT\/HGb6agqEX3rj1PmSzYlqg9ZU2t2idleLsN4JGv3WmR\/zqO5sIDDHfWQUOrP2Ro7TsnrqvdMO90IdoAeZdjrb2ab6UdB7dZr75ggq1wOP+YHoOLBm2m3JapQsVjpmlfGOUmE2gKqOEKObx\/w\/J4+6VHN9gVrKm4vo2j9FakGzTXVI2o7tItAF+GnRymLJX140EgF79iuGJxCE2gThex42vTcV7zmJdJSiZMFgDDviFxbcTqW5MhADZVxerWY6pRzxVqmvcRus7XycLpodqFDcb8ejVVAS7Jb0xVe9RjPc7Mkdt+dFXFAssaxferom6e9Ryp6rByVf6ny0UJGfAjQ+LqCoy8c3SvDANjkOMk4BGEkCytzaUWbF1xpdWZokIeWVvXbiKolr6QI8mrqbrm6Yv+clqIt2\/L5DovBHUTHhIGN4rqtYUoAl2hEU3IFY+Jz4QkhTMCXrOmL1ywmaRyjS0FGGKbdknu+lwbvNYX2uCIcH9oqRgLecvgPSV478fNlDk\/RvvSUywvVPFjeb6KJz100wOda7Po9xQQhexg3BuaPkcHwzTPMtg7JAtc3lC2cBWzO8kqqkwG1F04lK+\/GtKy8CZBUoaKWfaw3xfaYM5Q6wsntArEWZmQYlTJodu0EC1ytohDpLi2gGQMvmHdQnjWK75xl7xXNupxncEZmXzozoT5\/JSUBWKyJpVQNdktWphjZQ9akEpf9gZ0Rfk6gQ1AOIqtfTbUErfIj8eUte7uuKjLtNFRVlwnL6FQjXU4PEaXTVC8vx5RhebwoCmTstsIJJSol6i9oTVBYIg3qjjjK5+s2Ae7zPcjrWKnGk7UaVX5aqKvODd+wttWqZgRn9obLoMgm2pM\/R62eIO5Auk2vHQrDXzb4FJ5a+0beZxv6lk2S0T3kZjEtWmLpUN1vSF+J2DSzuZ+SHDekMSpFViWiHdCFfaYj2VzCzvFiS1gL9BhAneNwFXoVCMwRTAoErEXbuuyU5lmWIJaSmZW3qjCIvitxC4HQUCMFQks1aJS0rIiF9YbvSGSwUXZL\/OO8JPN6bUdmRby4gMIqbLv+FCvZtSvoJEH7Tx3NJHCEBDrbrLysK1\/K7GtR5oNiNg088mwR8nQX6TDCWPWoKs8cR2FXNF5ZZy0ziAY\/dYPwnEAl4M0Cg6UuPBKjNQjwPtDSBoC\/Sj6nvGlvs7WiwdUKL\/JhIogwZXvV2nErQUgjtkzArc5ZleFOFaFNCkMwOEj5VeT2ewoZrO\/mKCYBJwNlaRam01OlyP4TS0FktpyQ9NZPInRMURpB4YoredwP+di35aUNC\/LxDIdf2AAzDYE5jgGwIzZNA3sVauMR+aTs9ffcCziYLSiGo9qlVN+OX\/qy+FzQjP0ozNbWZRVnDUPMh+cqXlev4LmKA6HeHMmM4K8OHfao7er6VrliBZhba8mobcppZ+fbHw1r9DfmdHfUfR3Z\/R35f7HOf09RX9\/NSWdVXNcnBUf1cDJ9PRO5nznSneLqNBlbe5j6K5YGHGJhtzHHx+ct\/35Kc1QnpzA+UlM4e5PR7j35m6PI\/nCJ+SrqlDPy+XdcvXN\/cn65vxWBSqSDxgoHtqXP1zvKIE\/Aw+7jTRaTN3ds2m6w1Gk0d3Gx9HW3aY6Spv3EdhVFbq5q72DmVdg3CLi9FzAZKV164PKbYiXYuC97KevH3axBDmONZwLvLEkuppo\/dUTN1yLcJ\/auPmuQ8PRfRFqt60\/GBVfjv7+qztuHOaVuf3hx+8\/ZILY+WjE+lsvnDsUszkxchE9h1ePzlz1aI5bvtWF6sRHoDvnWfOBGs7nlMZWVBr+g1QeHcX01VBj2wzsoNol6zsuN3LI6gZVbJIT2Yu63neHnPmxqInjXOZkq3fgbjn8Y44T39I4tYPwACTJVbyEZW+eXjsLEVeSdNYOkKM+oeWospyumw08VTgzcWPvlr7rBDbaD23Obhl5nuWwbe5umURB6AGmzdst0yh2Ip+0fcP9\/NgDrkv+3hTJbunG+If+XSOwW1qxbdshbYDN225pJ3bqOLQBhwp3Swc40LVoC13o+W4kqrRbBmlsIUibKoTS3TK1Qhi2LZcqBsVuGUdgmwS06dQUuyW0IxDEYwqBnBz\/\/JTjzaWnrzyb0gTCEPBsSmGY+BHPJuT2LOjZFLuWZVkDm9A2ceNwYBPEhIcMmxBK3XTLsAl5yEMcm1I3dRDi2ZSSfxybnHTrxT7LpsTzQx9wbApiP27HRtkUwiDxAimXlZa3qSFmE85yPhybUSO45SXerP3JymB097kvGVWB0xnrhaTl1sbe0TnfM25FoTpCu9O2u0K727Z7Qru30tByHZboRfEGT4s\/dqdbsJ7Zawv4tWnSpqXJmLIBGoK6NDBch426bnKeCf3Uq0kWwxYIW1lMBE\/f\/K0sTyj5em3KCzy23rL2PAQF\/V0sYD49sEVL2uenk02\/fP+5NvZqVn9H7O\/M6++K\/d15\/T2xvzevf5GIAIpkHgTYvIkgYPM2D8Y3AcK3uWy8VLFIBNEN86DktQjk1MwEcciBCEO\/Y6qEgjWdCAa3rSZmAikCdZKSLabnKtP5UAHNpobqkJy4r4AjTN8RbMpqg9IUQVqVcFNDkGPzjb5uRgxs3sSRYOESiGrHJ29wPI6QS4GP\/JBwvYS7i4yI6LfDNe5CbsQ0VdzhPXaHZ87hZmEML7bIS9u0pyP2dEx7umJP17SnJ\/b0VjO+VVvQLE2\/ypssrRGymvvpKcxj2SiqAPLnJKQNzPEtkA7ZYaCY1vodkK+MjgcKZFclSNihqyezkmxmM9FzPnJWnZvroyCVVTMAFerWcXVYpek7kmYUTH8yig9k1Shm8QCPrExl0jZD+qXh2PMFLYSlxC58XGPcD\/vGef8LnPFhJqaUM82cYbaS+YSnwkqat5nqWKiU+WYsCzmIdSGEGhQ1F0JwvKnsyrs+oz+6AhkPhxaC5PTP\/gyyotm0Hke7XrW1NTfoOyqaeo6i6pC0XgBNBxDO+RtDOg+\/wqvhaTXReoIgRzdqTuZs8oOmD6WGVuOcEZsi1Si1cqT6iCZmlS9WVIMnLjdhqz3ZNDJdKNH4ULqALZwx8yQpIvXAynTTvJ\/Rp+LX6KZ1VPwALamasDMBkJfwOnp2xuoPz5Bf+wswHSHjfjhg5N1fuGK6RPncOZyXsON+CWuVyzHpPfRBdIUTYYw6Vy58SVbjCG8iZ0iNFkiUQacCaPV6Iafu7eWFxqQYtjOusHVzTn+msRNHXvhvM36T7ERzncz5OQ4M12a+bUH2TJf\/9GXzgt6lEtCTYasyTTcv9le1G7U26u2oeztmvV11b9est\/fVzKWadIN+qrGfauz\/WTWG39ZdgdS\/+YW9dUSsH8vf\/GLNLt45HSNnbq540czv+XdpvIiVqu+qkzIeEpNrm6ghpC\/XNjt4t7RjB3p4Z4dk++6Wjuttt6D928U7PwGI3fZvb7f0kwiioP3b3y1BCJM0pH8fbbzt6UA7af92dssAeq5jt3+7+H0fOC38o7dbImu7dbv3fbz5FDtbRP+GGF4UblFLH3TwVqwfOS1+6O6WdhShrdX+7e2WMAp9q\/vb3y0T37fDFj8MdsvICn0U0b9jy9otndiJHdQ1YI6kHvKdrgGzBISAbK7iBtvaLf2ta3lp12Dvll7sxduwa3B2SxdsU9ABdazdMoLeAMOxd8vQ9UOQdA3ObrlNQpi2hNP94q0VWW0Xullnhzaw0dDi7Ja2ZTt2xx58+A5vRAdu0OGmSn7pBi70PNqGI8u7pe3YgR3vh8MKu6UHwiBOOvAvCL\/kuG4nDEeQoF11iMEna01+nrdk\/w2\/TRYZ8szx\/XX3P1zQsn3jCPIS72Vb0GpJIynsO8W15\/vuKMBuxGXqjwrsRgM8Qwb3Tlkhrj+Pvxtf9IYz+7vJ9abL7t\/pFTQdeFkPAOmi\/r1Dhw83DQ8huODJ3D4r0IF5VGVNBkHecyMth4f4r\/ZBp3h4P7VtXSvCIm0\/HM\/ewUucwU2MfstQ9cl6dshnt3GSEbNRmr5Mb5QqDqA72jJ9UoRGXeR1+gIDPq1B0n5JjKI0GLQfCGCMwkH7YW2XeIP2c0CQxOGg\/azETcNg0H5pgqJOW2Ltl8ZxGiSD9kvdMPbCQfslkW876aD9QOB4TjxoPwdswyQYtB+Kg9D1GO0Xg7TT1lj7oQTYrPZD4TYG3qD9Ase3OnhE+6EQ\/zDaD0CcJMBoPx+0WQWd9kvSeICBtR\/wQZK4jPbzgyiMI0b7xSjwAKf9YOAAwGg\/N\/aiyGO0H0Kpk\/qs9kthCtOY036pkzqdzmy1XxhHPrB57QcDCDsCqfZDNgoQr\/2CFATdsKj2S3zkp46k\/Zxw7YZr31lbz\/6U\/tv6nP6jQ3hcbslPef4pz38H8jxqZg576TWf4aE9msb1c6R+jlE\/V+rnGvXzpH6eUT9f6ueb9DtKfDka8eUo8eVoxJejxJejEV+OEl+ORnw5Snw5GvEFSnyBRnyBEl+gEV+gxBdoxBco8QUa8QVKfIFmfAmkfoFJv9iyxI6xZZn1tOWetllPR+5p9DViW6bWNqPWlqm1zai1ZWptM2odmVrHjFpHptYxo9aRqXWMqD2XtdjzXNYmPbFzInYl1RgM+hboIHbVVKthe2JnRuxKHByDvgBCsSs+gm2E9UVG+mLYU\/o02sJHbGfsboqdtWXj2M7YiBA7E8PC7OOSlHzx62py5nBv9U1sY+\/Tk3IzKncytbQnro6m5eut7t4w8YyC7U3fmzPNakJ\/VhyES6HJ3cv2wl54uP7geG96aGaoxKjwfwePnd9GtgwuZXHUdXd9saBtV4eGrWJrqY5XdXTXl7in2mtjr5xr\/uwrnfORanDcJrUOL75Hc6rQa3+\/QEcgLefK3\/IkVsPUo7zhcoNu2A53zZGlveegryir2FyZKoBH4yfm18G0I\/sSXydrA06oqv749GTRzp45Cs6Ng4+bGZdLSDpB\/C7s3eH0SOEwccnfzLeyremP5Uhfyx8r9tlW6BiPfOHhHVGVNaqSwsJNuWxgf8CmuCuijdypLsTpH41eNNG9of06tI78dWz7jzxVDnsC7CPuTdFi+Cs+jrdBb2dQJCjpaqhfNeVA54\/iCz4G0W2\/eYxiIH8o0pjYyyTlymOPKPSGpzQqLqrd435PLqAbyRDk8BO+UX7xK549q6G0LTNtHJxXpCon7JE1QCg7\/Oj5pB\/kIr40DXs7Db0GomOoZf3CbyJyU96a2uUmA5o7n3HYWrz7d2+WBcEPSnuzi\/AqP5dumKpGV3N3SOsTyHOR53eWL8f5IuesnlW+3BHLlytvfBwR0cnC79oy4ltHs2PejUVPvSdQr2dMu+FMaybpAbu3AfYnAfsiYC1k5T02rBnN3w5JKnnTeyK1YDdayXNUlql7iygSbTvHdYlBjXCf9sLS9tIrNqnB0y1YGOX36wwPITDwEGylh+CMOQg3n2Jv6b9c77wsoYXzwNsS7h5T0pZPKMvBhBBRacMpMpQU5LUKjDY+woJJsurz0+XMFFQfKsf\/h+P\/yfkPy\/pP1hPLJHp4pCJbyN3SZE\/JI4suKV+LUYT\/+CCExciFTmT6OAZ+0pR0nTN25TJ296bF+gYHDdPyJeusR9arDEaK+KvMpE7MSUxCv3hjhP2tQjhp6YRwsZJsbd6jxPWbMnX5e\/0skEDhW8NmYqfxyDH8+sikgoBy7uhJTHMMvX72SrBolHMMmD7eqfguaSoBY86cT1\/0MI7L\/FYZvhAXmTyatfwMCpRfRywCmvFncvl1b67pEc2ORPbLuUkcMuwuGRIvoNP6qJSw24OEtvrmZlVMcGTFn6KNDQQ6ikCgdom\/+RqeVuj4Ynf4oscNvoBx3Ezt5S\/U11ZzNFem4egnrhmluojbaiVkkAQSqDa4dgZrJ3rfpHTRuBjSHTFjWJdyKqRWo4N6jVPGUrmomPMBITEtoV9aD54N3DmhJlB3m9fOGIO6MJzqNtePDM2ZsKaNv82bvkN3GgU7V6iu2SCYKkTQ5ltu4sNKuhGve2aK9v7wntZYhE1uJuL6e+GsCRyb\/AEeDVYXVZnffIMd2eCwuTlB7qCx7l8ac3RARXIrYXhriMQ5zeIuRnscU7RuGsPLgrqluA1pahfiF\/R+g1PAqSx+H4jVViOqiVVCw19mDgSdYgzxoo5SqEhGn6rjECLQeXpH6v1B81\/EI6i3Mdd6dI6awfuSXdnbBrSS9CWTZImPSrOntGzF5e+ucjmFa2EwZj4fHhJ1FI7gTPKiCzqeXnJlAuyJucIBxLX0OYD8MR38vfErKJHHgUVpJU8QsZDWDFqoR3cdzjD3jA6VLrU56CorDixsYpP0X9Gadtj53RG8kHDzQGSLOWVx+Sa5fjORzRIAWF6KZmaA7mPCc8NtmWxdbbzpI96eua9hVeZ5DKruteaYFQaQW06T3r3xhLH1m8z4QPqA7117Y1sH+crSyrgPnscIEizzHJxrRG6\/JL8pDNa72YerirKVrDP48t5dAd9vF9qiNU5P5Gn3wU1zbySzwDBhQd5kmxV86wbfbn9cTt3XXU91SaQuV5YUYm9M45V2Lo3MjgdZGcbbkQK1N7kiIoxH7PuLCktr3YkEKC5b7SNQ0iJGj1m7jAqVw2qdjTnxVrcH1L7BZQKwh399A6klVkpdVs3nJ1BDVCRkeRJGyF\/vLkzIKULseVQkaJSMGSCTq7Rd36kaw9u61XF5cSPilCVJjn7cMNVn1ym+abK0iGNcr7tF3GVjhNyKsTWR\/OSjduxb+Lja86KprvMjI6raetOxER7tLfUm9ECmMi9UXY9low+u9PkX80gqC+OFiesHL5WeHoPLhidJEop430yhWAycvSc5K2rUdMHnhVlWtxJfkg2zmFG3QWAK5v6Va2M0W2ex9MgxrsuCpqtWoMNWgeJlxFFl9AsJOz3I1teEDV8nXGbJ2eKDO6HSIjBzosWlYaN1frIYVLpsM2YHVw+kzcMnIkmuqBBvI5uI3PEwYryVyhdQWbPn2bTRyRM2U+bu8D27eI9lJONIdlQm8X\/5a1Xm2M\/Gt6wPxLRGWj3Zf8H2\/\/KHwY7YtibEdpYZYbano8Tdrge9ruFvWjJ2bzhKpWzVqXMLGsoebs3sJffnLrdUQ3rSHWaal4Cjh0gPK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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1yq4d0k.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"fieldmap\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>R06 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 humanitarian-cooperation<\/strong>GRF dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRF<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Diplomacy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Diplomacy Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Humanitarian cooperation<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Humanitarian action depends on agreements that let help reach people: consent of the affected state, access across front lines and borders, customs and visa facilitation, protection of aid workers and exemptions from sanctions. These rest on international humanitarian law, the humanitarian principles and disaster law. This page sets out the institutional roles and safeguards that make cooperation possible in conflict and disaster, how access and protection are recorded, and what those negotiating access need from the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-stage\" data-lv-fill=\"map\" data-lv-id=\"basin\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"pacific-islands:disaster\" data-ramp=\"red\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1240|85 156 383 607|364 375 869 602|1301 794 1496 928|733 943 923 1075\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-pacific-islands-disaster\" data-ramp=\"red\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Where response must travel furthest from a large city, with the roads, airports and ports that carry relief.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R06\/topics\/humanitarian-cooperation\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Diplomacy Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 Diplomacy Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-3-sec\"><span>02<\/span>Negotiation track desk, in outline<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Humanitarian cooperation: how the\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"social\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Humanitarian access is the ability of humanitarian actors to reach people in need and of people to reach assistance. It depends on agreements resting on international humanitarian law and the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence: consent of the affected state, passage across lines and borders, customs facilitation, protection of aid workers and sanctions exemptions.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Negotiation track desk, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-diplomacy-track\" data-cx=\"diplomacy.track\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Negotiation track desk: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Negotiation track desk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Humanitarian cooperation \u00b7 Shared basin dialogue \u00b7 Round 5<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Text in brackets<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GRF \u00b7 Diplomacy Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"steps\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Track<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-steps\" data-n=\"6\"><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Convene<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">parties<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Fact-finding<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">joint<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Options<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">shared<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"now\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Draft text<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">brackets<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Agreement<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">parties decide<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Implement<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">monitor<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"4\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Draft text, articles<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-diplomacy-track-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-diplomacy-track-t1\" aria-label=\"Draft text, articles\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Article<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Subject<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Brackets<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">State<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-diplomacy-track:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Art. 3<\/td><td>Data exchange<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1\">1<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Agreed ad ref<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-diplomacy-track:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\" aria-current=\"true\" data-cur=\"true\"><td>Art. 5<\/td><td>Low-flow sharing<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"8\">8<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Open<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-diplomacy-track:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Art. 7<\/td><td>Notification of works<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"3\">3<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Open<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-diplomacy-track:r1-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Art. 9<\/td><td>Dispute avoidance<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"5\">5<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Not discussed<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"2\" data-t=\"kv\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Facilitator note<\/h4><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-fk-dl\"><div><dt>Next round<\/dt><dd>week 5<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>closed, non-attribution<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Decision<\/dt><dd>parties only<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>GRF role<\/dt><dd>convenes, records<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Negotiation track desk: the screen's structure, terms and states for Humanitarian cooperation.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Humanitarian cooperation: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Humanitarian safeguards and institutional roles. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Principles as the basis of access<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence, affirmed by the UN General Assembly, are what allow humanitarian actors to negotiate with every party. Perceived alignment with one side closes access and endangers staff.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m14.5 12.5-8 8a2.119 2.119 0 1 1-3-3l8-8\"\/><path d=\"m16 16 6-6\"\/><path d=\"m8 8 6-6\"\/><path d=\"m9 7 8 8\"\/><path d=\"m21 11-8-8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Consent and its limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Relief operations generally require the consent of the state concerned, and international humanitarian law requires parties to allow and facilitate impartial relief for civilians in need. Consent may not be arbitrarily withheld, a rule whose application remains contested in practice.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect width=\"8\" height=\"4\" x=\"8\" y=\"2\" rx=\"1\" ry=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M16 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h2\"\/><path d=\"m9 14 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Regulatory barriers in disasters<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">After a disaster, customs, visas, professional licensing and tax rules can delay international assistance as much as logistics do. Domestic disaster law built on the IDRL Guidelines sets out in advance how assistance is requested, facilitated and regulated.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect width=\"18\" height=\"11\" x=\"3\" y=\"11\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M7 11V7a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Sanctions and counter-terrorism measures<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Financial restrictions can block payments, supplies and fuel for humanitarian work. Humanitarian exemptions, including the Security Council's exemption to asset freezes across UN sanctions regimes, reduce this risk, but banks and suppliers often remain cautious.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"social\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Humanitarian principles<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence, which guide humanitarian action.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Humanitarian deconfliction<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Sharing the locations and movements of humanitarian operations with parties to a conflict to reduce the risk of attack.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">International disaster response law<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Laws and rules that govern the entry and regulation of international assistance after disasters.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Humanitarian response plan funding coverage<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of requirements funded<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">continuous<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">OCHA Financial Tracking Service<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Access constraint incidents<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">incidents per month by type<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Humanitarian access monitoring<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Security incidents affecting aid workers<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">incidents per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Aid Worker Security Database<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">States with domestic law on international disaster assistance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of states<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">continuous<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">IFRC disaster law records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Humanitarian notifications for deconfliction<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">notifications submitted and acknowledged<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per operation<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Humanitarian notification system records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Cross-border and cross-line convoys completed<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">convoys per month<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">OCHA and cluster records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Time from request to arrival of international assistance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">days<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operational records and after-action reviews<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R06\/topics\/humanitarian-cooperation\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Humanitarian cooperation as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-r06-topics-humanitarian-cooperation-human-t nx-dag-r06-topics-humanitarian-cooperation-human-d\" 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KJrs8udJfbibqFL08jjJR1b6lPBNe5UPHN0j2LHQQ92dvhhu2DcEGoa9gJ5Prm5vrluQxslqzdd\/zaGGRnsScpUaHqll326vypXQKezZxrc3r2BP10VH8Jv+vP7eB+j4Gl2FGvVr8PFP52fjyem4BTZ7jGcsmbIuuJFRo4+vb84\/nHD2+P03sGTFQzrLgVi56trupF+7304uLk9\/bGv3dbJIp587tTsxavdmJvh\/\"><title id=\"nx-dag-r06-topics-humanitarian-cooperation-human-t\">Humanitarian cooperation: from needs assessment to accountable response<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-r06-topics-humanitarian-cooperation-human-d\">A joint needs assessment estimates people in need and severity; a response plan sets targets by sector; funding and delivery follow; monitoring and feedback from affected people adjust the response. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"social\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">OCHA Financial Tracking Service<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Humanitarian funding requirements, pledges and contributions by plan and donor<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ReliefWeb<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Situation reports, access updates and assessments from humanitarian organisations<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to read, terms per publisher<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Humanitarian Data Exchange<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Shared operational datasets from agencies and partners<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Licence per dataset<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Aid Worker Security Database (Humanitarian Outcomes)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Major security incidents affecting aid workers<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to view, terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IFRC disaster law database<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">National laws and policies on disaster response and international assistance<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to read, terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ICRC customary international humanitarian law database<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Rules of customary humanitarian law with the state practice behind them<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free to read, ICRC terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Security Council records<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Resolutions on protection of civilians, conflict and hunger, and sanctions exemptions<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/grf\/R06\/topics\/humanitarian-cooperation\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Diplomacy Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Emergency Relief Coordinator and humanitarian coordinators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to negotiate and sustain access with all parties, and when to raise obstruction publicly<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Access constraint records, the legal basis for relief, comparable negotiations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National disaster management authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When and how to request international assistance and which facilitation to grant<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Domestic disaster law, the IDRL Guidelines, records of earlier requests<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Sanctions committees and finance ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether exemptions are enough for humanitarian payments and supplies to reach people<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Exemption texts, reported banking and supply barriers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Donor governments<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to fund principled humanitarian action flexibly without compromising neutrality<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Funding flows, commitments under the Grand Bargain, access constraints by context<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Guides to the legal and institutional basis of access in conflict and disaster<\/li><li>Comparative records of disaster law and facilitation arrangements<\/li><li>Dialogue records from humanitarian and development coordination forums<\/li><li>Reviews of sanctions exemptions and how they are applied<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What practitioners and scholars ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How can humanitarian principles be maintained when working alongside political and development actors?<\/li><li>How can anticipatory action reduce the impact of predictable crises?<\/li><li>How are roles divided between affected states, humanitarian organizations and other actors?<\/li><li>How can affected people hold responders accountable?<\/li><li>How should humanitarian data be protected?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms-and-drivers\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"social\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms and drivers<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What shapes humanitarian cooperation.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Affected states hold primary responsibility for assisting people on their territory. Humanitarian organizations act under their own mandates and principles, which allow them to reach people on all sides of a conflict. Maintaining neutrality and independence while coordinating with governments, militaries, development actors and donors is a persistent challenge.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Crises are increasingly protracted, and many are linked to climate, conflict and economic shocks. This has driven interest in connecting humanitarian, development and peace work, and in acting before predictable shocks peak. Anticipatory action uses forecasts to release resources early, which evidence suggests can reduce losses, though it depends on reliable triggers and pre-agreed plans.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Data and technology bring new capabilities and new risks: biometric registration and data sharing can improve aid delivery but expose vulnerable people if data are misused or breached.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the platform approaches the subject.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Principles and safeguards review<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Examining how humanitarian principles and safeguards apply in practice. Each context differs.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Institutional role analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mapping mandates and coordination arrangements, using <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/policy-science\/\">policy science<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Anticipatory action evidence<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Drawing on GCRI work on forecasting and early action, such as <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/disaster-resilience\/\">Disaster Resilience and Recovery<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Structured dialogue<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Convening practitioners and institutions under safeguarding rules.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">The platform does not coordinate or deliver humanitarian operations, and it respects the independence of humanitarian organizations.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/stem\/policy-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Policy, institutional and decision science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Comparative treaty analysis \u00b7 Mandate and institutional mapping \u00b7 Implementation review<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/policy-science\/\" aria-label=\"Policy, institutional and decision science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/stem\/game-theory\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Game theory and mechanism design<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Benefit sharing in a shared basin \u00b7 Coalitions in climate agreements<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/game-theory\/\" aria-label=\"Game theory and mechanism design: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/stem\/hydrology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Hydrology and water science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Joint basin water accounts \u00b7 Testing allocation rules against drought<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/hydrology\/\" aria-label=\"Hydrology and water science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/stem\/ocean-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ocean and coastal science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Sea-level rise and maritime zones \u00b7 Shared stocks and fisheries bodies<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ocean-science\/\" aria-label=\"Ocean and coastal science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Access and security data are incomplete by design: incidents go unreported and some are withheld to protect staff and negotiations. Funding coverage measures money, not whether needs were met. Rules on consent and relief are clear in principle and contested in application, and practice differs between conflicts and disasters. Diplomacy Nexus does not negotiate access, deliver assistance or speak for humanitarian organisations.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Can a state refuse humanitarian assistance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Relief operations generally need the consent of the state concerned, but under international humanitarian law consent to impartial relief for civilians in need may not be arbitrarily withheld. What counts as arbitrary depends on the circumstances and is often disputed.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is humanitarian deconfliction?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A procedure in which humanitarian organisations notify parties to a conflict of the locations and movements of their staff and facilities. Notification does not shift responsibility: parties remain bound by humanitarian law whether or not they were notified.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why does domestic disaster law matter?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because the barriers to international assistance after a disaster are often regulatory: visas, customs, licensing of medical staff and tax. Rules agreed in advance let a government accept help quickly while keeping control.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does GRF deliver humanitarian aid?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It convenes dialogue on cooperation and safeguards. Humanitarian operations are run by mandated organizations.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why does neutrality matter for cooperation?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because humanitarian access often depends on being seen as independent of political or military objectives.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is sensitive information handled?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Dialogues follow safeguarding and confidentiality rules set in advance. No personal data about affected people is collected.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can humanitarian organizations propose topics?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Yes, by enquiry to <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"mailto:dialogues@globalriskforum.com?subject=Diplomacy%20Nexus%3A%20humanitarian%20cooperation\">dialogues@globalriskforum.com<\/a>.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Diplomacy Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/science-diplomacy\/\">Science diplomacy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/shared-water-and-energy-systems\/\">Shared water and energy systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/climate-and-nature-diplomacy\/\">Climate and nature diplomacy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/peace-and-human-security\/\">Peace and human security <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/technology-diplomacy\/\">Technology diplomacy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/regional-dialogue-methods\/\">Regional dialogue methods <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/\">Diplomacy Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/\">The Global Risks Forum home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/trust\/\">GRF governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Diplomacy Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@globalriskforum.com?subject=Diplomacy%20Nexus%3A%20Humanitarian%20cooperation\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/humanitarian-cooperation\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/topics\/humanitarian-cooperation\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can a state refuse humanitarian assistance?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Relief operations generally need the consent of the state concerned, but under international humanitarian law consent to impartial relief for civilians in need may not be arbitrarily withheld. 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