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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-naenhg52.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"compact\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>R-P01 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topics<\/strong>GRF dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GRF<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Nature Governance<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Climate and Nature Governance \u00b7 Topics<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Topics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Topics at Climate and Nature Governance: the pages in this section are listed below, each with its own scope and status.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/adaptation-institutions\/\">Open Adaptation institutions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/\">Back to Climate and Nature Governance<\/a><\/div><dl class=\"nx-facts\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Publisher<\/dt><dd>The Global Risks Forum<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Field<\/dt><dd>Climate and hazards, Biodiversity and nature, Water, Food and agriculture<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Status<\/dt><dd>In development<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Service level<\/dt><dd>R0: information and enquiries<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-about-this-section\"><span>02<\/span>Topics at Climate and Nature\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>03<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-5-sec\"><span>04<\/span>Pages in Topics<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Climate and Nature Governance topics are the nine subject dossiers of its field, among them adaptation institutions, climate risk governance, and nature and biodiversity law. Each dossier sets out how the risk develops, what is measured and in which units, the public sources and their licences, the methods, who decides and the limits of the evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-about-this-section\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">About this section<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics at Climate and Nature Governance.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GRF convenes and governs programmes. It does not regulate, finance, procure or certify, and hosting or sponsorship confers no authority over findings.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">National adaptation plan<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A UNFCCC process through which a country identifies medium- and long-term adaptation needs and strategies to meet them.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Carbon budget<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A cap on cumulative emissions over a period, set in some climate framework laws to steer policy towards a long-term target.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">National biodiversity strategy and action plan<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The main instrument through which a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity implements its commitments.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">River basin organization<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A body set up by agreement to coordinate management of a basin's water, with mandates from data sharing to joint operation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Loss and damage<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Harm from climate change that mitigation and adaptation have not prevented, addressed under the UNFCCC through funding arrangements.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-5-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Topics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/adaptation-institutions\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Adaptation institutions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mandates, financing and accountability.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/climate-risk-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate risk governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Risk science translation into governance.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/nature-and-biodiversity-law\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Nature and biodiversity law<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ecosystem stewardship and public authority.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/river-basin-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">River basin governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Shared waters and transboundary mechanisms.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/climate-justice-and-equity\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate justice and equity<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Differential exposure and access.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/land-and-ocean-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Land and ocean governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Commons and local stewardship.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/climate-disclosure-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate disclosure governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Public policy, claims and reporting.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/implementation-gaps\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Implementation gaps<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">From strategy to monitored institutional practice.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/topics\/water-and-food-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Water and food governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Resource access, transboundary waters and food-system institutions.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-6\" 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